Violence Against Teachers: Etiology & Consequences

描述：在暴力领域，与工作有关的暴力已被认为是一个主要问题。虽然有关与工作有关的杀人的文献正在出现，但对非致命的与工作有关的暴力及其相关风险因素的认识严重不足。暴力被定义为对员工故意使用身体暴力或情感虐待，导致身体攻击和/或非身体暴力（威胁、性骚扰和辱骂）。这项工作的主要目的是：1)确定主要中小学教师群体中身体和非身体暴力的程度和后果；2)通过检查与工作有关的攻击与a)教师个人特征/暴露之间的关系，使用病例对照设计确定身体攻击的相关风险因素；包括工作类型、学生接触时间、工作时间、工作经验、教育、专业培训、疾病/伤害史（包括先前的暴力经历）和人口统计（年龄、性别、种族、婚姻状况、社会经济地位）；B)环境中其他人的特征（同事、学生）：包括数量和类型、暴力行为史、其他相关行为和人口统计（年龄、性别、种族等）；C)环境状况/暴露：例如设施/学校的类型和相关社区的社会经济状况、位置、物理设计/属性（开放性、照明、屏障、房间配置）；行政和管理因素包括对暴力的容忍/相关政策和协议、对员工的支持、员工援助/资源、学生支持/资源和安全措施。最初，将向随机选择的12600名有执照的教师发送一份调查工具，以确定过去12个月内在明尼苏达州工作的教师及其与工作有关的暴力经历。从该工具收集的数据分析将用于1)确定身体攻击和非身体暴力的比率和后果，2)研究每种形式的暴力与若干与教师有关的特征和环境特征之间的潜在关联。随后，将使用嵌套病例对照设计来检查各种兴趣暴露与工作相关的身体攻击之间的关系。病例将被定义为报告至少一次身体攻击的人，而对照组（3:1）将被定义为在12个月的研究期间没有报告身体攻击的人。然后将向病例和选定的对照者发送一份调查问卷，以获得有关工作环境暴露的数据，包括工作场所人员的特征和周围环境因素。病例将被询问其在事件发生之前和期间的暴露情况。对照者将在研究期间随机选择一段时间询问他们的暴露情况。与选择偏倚和信息偏倚相关的效度将通过子研究进行评估。本研究设计将能够计算出兴趣暴露对身体攻击率的影响的比率。通过这一努力，可以更现实地制定具体的预防和控制战略。

DESCRIPTION: Within the realm of violence, work-related violence has been recognized as a major problem. While there is an emerging literature pertinent to work-related homicides, there is a serious deficiency in the knowledge of non-fatal work-related violence and the associated risk factors. Violence is defined as the intentional use of physical force or emotional abuse, against an employee, that results in physical assault and/or non-physical violence (threat, sexual harassment, and verbal abuse). The primary aims of this effort are 1) to determine the magnitude and consequences of physical and non-physical violence within a major population of elementary and secondary teachers and 2) to identify relevant risk factors for physical assault, using a case-control design, by examining the relations between work-related assault and a) teacher personal characteristics/exposures: including job type, student contact hours, hours worked, work experience, education, specialty training, illness/injury history including prior violence experience, and demographics (age, gender, race, marital status, socioeconomic status); b) characteristics of others in the environment (co-workers, students): including numbers and types, history of violent behaviors, other relevant behaviors, and demographics (age, gender, race, etc.); c) environmental situations/exposures: such as types of facilities/schools and relevant community socioeconomic status, location, physical design/attributes (openness, lighting, barriers, room configurations); administrative and management factors including tolerance of violence/relevant policies and protocols, support for employees, employee assistance/resources, student support/resources, and security measures. Initially, a survey instrument will be sent to a randomly selected cohort of 12,600 licensed teachers to identify those who worked in the state of Minnesota during the pas 12-months and their experience of work-related violence. Analyses of data collected from this instrument will be used 1) to determine the rates and consequences of physical assault and non-physical violence and 2) to study the potential associations, between each form of violence and several teacher-related and environmental characteristics. Subsequently, a nested case-control design will be used to examine the relation between various exposures of interest and work-related physical assault. Cases will be defined as those who report at least one physical assault while controls (3:1) will be those who report no physical assault during the 12-month study period. A questionnaire will then be sent to the cases and selected controls to obtain data on work environment exposures including the characteristics of persons in the workplace and surrounding environmental factors. Cases will be questioned about their exposures prior to and during the incident. Controls will be questioned about their exposures on a randomly selected time from the study period. Validity relevant to selection bias and information bias will be evaluated through substudies. This study design will enable calculation of rate ratios for the effect of exposures of interest on the rate of physical assault. From this effort, specific prevention and control strategies can be developed more realistically.