The Role of Neural Models in (Constrained) Natural Language Generation Built on the mathematical foundations laid out by Markov [1], n-gram language

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Built on the mathematical foundations laid out by Markov [1], n-gram language models endow a word with a probability distribution that depends on its context (the n words preceding it). While these models led to advances in language technologies as diverse as speech recognition [2] and machine translation [3, 4], the cardinality of their parametrisation grows exponentially with the context length. This limits their applicability. Recurrent neural networks can model arbitrary length contexts [5], which led to the widespread adoption of these models in many language tasks [6]. Overcoming the computational efficiency limitations of recurrent architectures, the neural "transformer" architecture proposed in [7] led to development of a range of neural language models that achieve state-of-the-art performance in a variety of natural language tasks [8, 9, 10].This project aims to advance artificial intelligence (AI) based technologies for natural language by investigating how neural language models can be employed to incorporate user goals in natural language generation. Such goals might be expressed through interaction with the system, as is the case in conversational AI. Inspired by recent developments in the field where neural models have been employed to replace complex model pipelines [11, 12, 13], the project will explore and provide novel methods that will allow these systems to: better estimate, track and ground their output in user intent be adapted or self-adapt to satisfy new user goalsGoals might also be expressed through constraints that a language engineer would like to embed in the generation task. For example, generation of gender inflections in languages where the latter depends on the social gender of a human referent is challenging for state-of-the-art automatic translation systems [14] and recent work has shown that embedding such constraints in neural models is non-trivial [15]. Solving this problem extends beyond gender bias mitigation, as similar approaches might be pursued to constrain neural systems to generate gender-neutral translations. This project aims to take a broad approach to advancing state-of-the-art in user-constrained language generation, investigating: appropriate data sources and their optimal representation architectural changes necessary to accommodate new/richer input data representations new training methodologies, including novel objectives and training in conjunction with other systems novel decoding processes that account for constraints adaptation techniquesReferences[1] Markov, A. A. (1913). Essai d'une recherche statistique sur le texte du roman "Eugene Onegin" illustrant la liaison des epreuve en chain ('Example of a statistical investigation of the text of "Eugene Onegin" illustrating the dependence between samples in chain'). Izvistia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk (Bulletin de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg), 7, 153-162.[2] Povey, D., & Woodland, P. C. (2002, May). Minimum phone error and I-smoothing for improved discriminative training. In 2002 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Vol. 1, pp. I-105). IEEE.[3] Chiang, D. (2005, June). A hierarchical phrase-based model for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 43rd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL'05) (pp. 263-270).[4] de Gispert, A., Iglesias, G., Blackwood, G., R. Banga, E., & Byrne, W. (2010). Hierarchical phrase-based translation with weighted finite-state transducers and shallow-n grammars. Computational linguistics, 36(3), 505-533.[5] Mikolov, T., Karafiát, M., Burget, L., Cernocky, J., & Khudanpur, S. (2010). Recurrent neural network based language model. In Eleventh annual conference of the international speech communication association (pp. 1045-1048).[6] Jurafsky, D., &, Martin, J. H., (n.d). Sequence Processing with Neural Networks. In Speech and Language Processing: An Introd