Understanding the Energy Efficiency of the UK's Housing Stock and forecasting how to meet national carbon reduction targets

了解英国住房存量的能源效率并预测如何实现国家碳减排目标

• 批准号: 2441429
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Liverpool
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2441429
• 关键词: Understanding; Energy; Efficiency; UK; Housing

1st Paper AbstractThe UK residential sector is inefficient and has an overwhelming reliance on natural gas as a heating source. For the UK to meet its 2050 net zero obligations, the sector will need to go through a process of decarbonisation. Previous studies acknowledge the spatial disparities of household energy consumption, but have neglected how consumption varies over time. This paper advances such shortcomings via a sequence and clustering analysis to identify common gas consumption trajectories within neighbourhoods in England and Wales between 2010-2020. Four clusters are identified: "Very High to High Consumption"; "High to Medium Consumption"; "Medium to Low Consumption" and "Low to Very Low Consumption". The clusters were contextualised using spatial datasets representing the socio-economic and built environment. Across all clusters, the proportion of inefficient dwellings were high, but there was a trend of high consumption associated with lower proportions of energy efficient dwellings. The results provide useful insight to policy makers and practitioners about where best to target electrification and retrofitting measures to facilitate a cleaner and more equitable residential sector. Policy targeting of areas with continual high gas consumption will accelerate the decarbonisation process, whilst targeting areas who continually under consume will likely enhance household health and well-being. 2nd Paper AbstractThe UK has a long history of observing energy vulnerability through fuel affordability and energy efficiency. This does not encapsulate the wider drivers that give rise to a household's inability to afford an adequate level of energy service. Research has filled this void through combining known drivers in the form of a composite index. However, these studies are temporally static, where monitoring progress and the identification of areas with entrenched energy vulnerability can't take shape. The consideration of time is a necessity as the physical and mental health implications from energy vulnerability are known to compound overtime. We fill such a void by designing a new spatial temporal composite indicator using socio-economic and dwelling measures at 2011 and 2021 within English and Welsh neighbourhoods. Our results outline a stagnation of energy vulnerabilities, with greater risk assigned towards urban areas. A sensitivity analysis allows us to adapt the weighting of vulnerability domains, with a select few neighbourhoods identified as continually vulnerable across all unique weighting combinations. Such areas have faced an extended period of deprivation, where we advocate policy targeting to raise living standards.3rd Paper Abstract The Green Deal Grant was a government funded retrofitting scheme geared towards decarbonising the residential sector. Households applied for finance for energy saving measures, which would be paid off through the energy bill savings that the retrofit would yield. However, the studies which measure the success of the Green Deal using a host of energy related metrics has been limited to date. Using EPC data, this paper uses a difference in difference regression analysis to assess the impact of the retrofit on a household's energy consumption, energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions before and after the retrofit has been installed. The scheme was small in scale, but the overall results are favourable. Once the retrofit was installed the dwelling experienced a rise in energy efficiency, and a fall in carbon dioxide and energy consumption. Today the scheme is scaled back from a host of funding and uptake issues. However, we advocate policy to retrofit the UK housing stock on a mass scale to make a meaningful fall in the UK's carbon emissions to better reach net zero obligations.

第1篇论文摘要英国住宅部门是低效的，并有一个压倒性的依赖天然气作为热源。英国要实现2050年的净零排放义务，该行业将需要经历一个脱碳过程。以前的研究承认家庭能源消费的空间差异，但忽略了消费如何随时间变化。本文提出了这样的缺点，通过序列和聚类分析，以确定共同的天然气消费轨迹在英格兰和威尔士之间的2010年至2020年的邻里。确定了四个集群：“非常高至高消费”;“高至中等消费”;“中等至低消费”和“低至非常低消费”。使用代表社会经济和建筑环境的空间数据集对这些集群进行了背景化。在所有集群中，低效率住宅的比例很高，但有一种高消费的趋势，与低能效住宅的比例有关。研究结果为政策制定者和从业人员提供了有用的见解，使他们了解在哪里最适合采取电气化和改造措施，以促进更清洁和更公平的住宅部门。针对持续高天然气消费地区的政策将加速脱碳进程，而针对持续消费不足的地区可能会提高家庭健康和福祉。2nd Paper AbstractThe UK在通过燃料可负担性和能源效率观察能源脆弱性方面有着悠久的历史。这并不包括导致家庭无法负担适当水平的能源服务的更广泛的驱动因素。研究工作以综合指数的形式将已知的驱动因素结合起来，填补了这一空白。然而，这些研究在时间上是静态的，监测进展和确定具有根深蒂固的能源脆弱性的地区无法形成。考虑时间是必要的，因为众所周知，能源脆弱性对身心健康的影响会随着时间的推移而加剧。我们填补了这样一个空白，设计了一个新的时空综合指标，在2011年和2021年在英语和威尔士社区的社会经济和居住措施。我们的研究结果概述了能源脆弱性的停滞，城市地区面临更大的风险。敏感性分析使我们能够调整脆弱领域的权重，在所有独特的权重组合中，选定几个街区被确定为持续脆弱。这些地区面临着长期的贫困，我们提倡政策目标，以提高生活水平。第三篇论文摘要绿色交易赠款是一个政府资助的改造计划，面向脱碳的住宅部门。家庭为节能措施申请资金，这些资金将通过改造产生的能源账单节省来偿还。然而，迄今为止，使用大量与能源相关的指标来衡量绿色交易成功与否的研究有限。使用EPC数据，本文采用差分回归分析的差异，以评估改造对家庭的能源消耗，能源效率和二氧化碳排放量的影响之前和之后的改造已经安装。该计划规模虽小，但总体效果良好。一旦安装了改造，住宅经历了能源效率的提高，二氧化碳和能源消耗的下降。如今，该计划因一系列资金和吸收问题而缩减。然而，我们提倡大规模改造英国住房存量的政策，以使英国的碳排放量有意义地下降，从而更好地实现净零义务。