The 'Gated Community' of North American Women's Nature Writing: Reclaiming Indigenous Epistemologies and Literary Environmental Activism since the 197

通过将20世纪70年代以来女性土著文学和欧洲-北美文学对环境保护主义的当代反应历史化和比较，我的项目将探索并展示其对土著与土地关系的历史占用。21世纪土著知识的重要性在气候变化和环境保护的学术研究中基本上没有得到承认。虽然20世纪70年代后的生态文学浪潮（主要由美国白人女性撰写）因其对美国人与自然关系的审视而赢得了主流的赞誉，但它也围绕环境展开了土著意识形态。考察雷切尔·卡森、安妮·迪拉德、娜奥米·克莱因、玛丽·奥利弗和丽贝卡·索尔尼特的生态写作，以及土著作家切丽·迪玛琳、路易丝·厄德里奇、乔伊·哈乔、罗宾·沃尔·基默尔和伊登·罗宾逊，我将证明，尽管土著信仰与早期自然写作中的基督教叙事形成鲜明对比，但20世纪后期的欧洲-北美作家越来越多地接受或利用土著知识和文学修辞，关于妇女与自然的关系，地球的活力和伦理意识（Gunn Allen, 1986; Dreese, 2002）。我认为，白人文学中承认土著认识论的运动尤其激发了非土著的环境行动主义。原住民主导的网路运动（#IdleNoMore、#MniWconi、#NDAPL），在“不再空转”、达科他通道和跨山管道抗议期间，透过非原住民行动者越来越多地传播和采用原住民态度和文学手法，获得支持（LaDuke, 2010; Kino-Nda-Niimi, 2014）。这些举措表明，在当前气候危机和美国退出《巴黎气候协定》的背景下，不同活动团体的国际团结取得了进展，这一点至关重要。我的硕士论文探讨了土著妇女对北美失踪和被谋杀的土著妇女和女孩的持续危机的艺术和文学反应，这加深了我对土著历史、文学和文化以及土著人民面临的当代问题的理解。我最后一年的本科毕业论文（一流）也探讨了本土作家的地方与身份之间的关系。我在联合国大学完成了美国和加拿大文学、历史和文化学士学位（第一名），在那里我取得了同龄人中最高的毕业平均水平，我将在2020年9月完成我的美国研究硕士学位。联合国大学的种族与权利研究中心，跨学科的美国和加拿大研究部门，以及我的导师苏珊·比林汉姆、吉莉安·罗伯茨和斯蒂芬妮·刘易斯维特在北美土著研究方面的专业知识，使这里成为我进行研究的理想场所。

By historicizing and comparing contemporary responses in female Indigenous and Euro-North American literature to environmentalism since the 1970s, my project will explore and demonstrate its historical appropriation of Indigenous relationships to land. The significance of twenty-first-century Indigenousknowledges is largely unacknowledged in scholarship regarding climate change and environmentalism. Although the post-1970s eco-literature wave, predominantly written by white American women, garnered mainstream acclaim for its examination of America's relationship with nature, it also deployed Indigenous ideologies surrounding the environment. Examining the eco-writing of Rachel Carson, Annie Dillard, Naomi Klein, Mary Oliver and Rebecca Solnit, alongside Indigenous authors Cherie Dimaline, Louise Erdrich, Joy Harjo, Robin Wall Kimmerer and Eden Robinson, I will prove that whereas Indigenous beliefs contrasted with Christian narratives in earlier nature-writing, late-twentieth-century Euro-North American writers increasingly embraced or appropriated Indigenous knowledges and literary tropes regarding women's relationship to nature, aliveness of the Earth and ethical consciousness (Gunn Allen, 1986; Dreese, 2002). I argue that movement towards acknowledging Indigenous epistemologies in white literature has especially galvanised non-Indigenous environmental activism. Indigenous-led online campaigns (#IdleNoMore, #MniWconi, #NDAPL), during Idle No More and the Dakota Access and Trans Mountain pipeline protests, have acquired support through increasing dissemination and adoption of Indigenous attitudes and literary tropes by non-Indigenous activists (LaDuke, 2010; Kino-Nda-Niimi, 2014). Such moves demonstrate a progression towards international solidarities of diverse activist groups, which are crucial in the face of the ongoing climate crisis and the US withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement.My MA dissertation explores artistic and literary responses by Indigenous women to the ongoing crisis of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in North America, which has deepened my understanding of Indigenous history, literature and culture and the contemporary issues Indigenous peoples confront. My final-year undergraduate dissertation (first-class) also explored the relationship between place and identity for Indigenous writers. Having completed my American and Canadian Literature, History and Culture BA (1st) at UoN, where I achieved the highest graduating average in my cohort, I will complete my MA in American Studies in September 2020. UoN's Centre for Research in Race and Rights, its interdisciplinary American and Canadian Studies department and the expertise of my supervisors-Susan Billingham, Gillian Roberts, and Stephanie Lewthwaite-in North American Indigenous studies, make this the ideal place to conduct my research.