Post-Attentive Vision

后注意力视觉

• 批准号: 6888176
• 负责人: Jeremy M Wolfe
• 金额: $ 28.36万
• 依托单位: BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-08-20 至 2008-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6888176
• 关键词: attention; behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cues; human subject; memory; neural information processing; psychomotor reaction time; space perception; vision; visual perception; visual stimulus

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal addresses a fundamental tension in current work on vision, visual attention, & visual memory. On the one hand, we can recognize visual stimuli in a fraction of a second and, with slightly longer presentations, such stimuli can be remembered for days. On the other hand, phenomena like "change blindness" and "inattentional blindness" seem to show striking failures of visual representation and/or memory. Observers fail to report apparently obvious aspects of visual displays. In our own work on "postattentive vision" (the subject of the previous grant period), Ss searched repeatedly through static, unchanging displays. Hundreds of trials did not improve the efficiency of Repeated Search even though Ss had clearly memorized the display. The goal of the present proposal is to reconcile these disparate streams of research. How can an observer recognize a scene 24 hours after a one second presentation and yet be unaware if an object in that scene disintegrates before his eyes? There are three specific aims: Why do subjects choose vision over memory in Repeated Search? We will test three hypotheses about the cause of this apparent reliance on vision. A) Vision First: When available vision always takes priority, B) Inefficient Memory: Ss do, in fact, search memory but that search is as inefficient as visual search, or C) Pragmatic Choice: The costs, even of efficient memory search, make inefficient visual search worthwhile. When does memory contribute to visual search? In the "Contextual Cueing" paradigm of Chun and Jiang (1998), memory for repeated exposure to a search stimulus does aid subsequent search. We examine the relationship of Contextual Cueing to Repeated Search. We hypothesize that these are complementary, not contradictory findings. What is the gist of a picture? In Picture Memory tasks, Ss are said to remember the "gist" of an image. We propose that this gist includes the distribution of basic features like color and size and a rapid calculation of the structure or "spatial envelope" (Oliva & Torralba, 2001) of the scene. Gist also includes a limited number of attended objects. We will use several converging experimental paradigms to assess these components of the gist of a scene. Taken together, the results of this program of research will test hypotheses that tie our understanding of visual search to our understanding of short and longer term visual memory.

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案解决了当前关于视觉，视觉注意力和视觉记忆的工作中的基本紧张关系。一方面，我们可以在几分之一秒内识别视觉刺激，并且稍微长一点的演示，这些刺激可以记住几天。另一方面，像“变化盲视”和“无意盲视”这样的现象似乎显示出视觉表征和/或记忆的显著失败。观察者未能报告视觉显示的明显方面。在我们自己的“后注意视觉”（前一个资助期的主题）的工作中，学生通过静态的，不变的显示器反复搜索。数百次的重复搜索并没有提高效率，即使学生已经清楚地记住了显示。本提案的目标是调和这些不同的研究流。一个观察者怎么能在一秒钟的呈现后24小时认出一个场景，却不知道场景中的物体是否在他眼前分解？有三个具体目标： 为什么被试在重复搜索中选择视觉而不是记忆？我们将检验三个关于这种明显依赖视觉的原因的假设。A）愿景第一：当可用的视觉总是优先考虑时，B）低效记忆：事实上，学生确实在搜索记忆，但这种搜索和视觉搜索一样低效，或者C）语用选择：即使是高效的记忆搜索，其成本也使低效的视觉搜索变得值得。 什么时候记忆有助于视觉搜索？在Chun和Jiang（1998）的“上下文线索”范式中，重复暴露于搜索刺激的记忆确实有助于随后的搜索。我们研究的关系，上下文线索重复搜索。我们假设这些是互补的，而不是矛盾的发现。 一幅画的主旨是什么？在图片记忆任务中，学生被称为记住图像的“要点”。我们建议这个要点包括基本特征的分布，如颜色和大小，以及快速计算场景的结构或“空间包络”（奥利瓦和Torralba，2001年）。Gist还包括有限数量的参与对象。我们将使用几个融合的实验范式来评估场景要点的这些组成部分。总的来说，这项研究计划的结果将测试假设，将我们对视觉搜索的理解与我们对短期和长期视觉记忆的理解联系起来。