Building resilience in coastal governance: ethics and justice in responsible innovation

沿海地区是英国最容易受到气候变化影响的地区。海平面上升、侵蚀、频繁的风暴潮和洪水已经给沿海基础设施、社区和自然环境带来了压力。因此，迫切需要以适应气候变化影响为重点的沿海管理创新和战略方法（CCC，2018）。这些方法的引入和应用为沿海管理者和决策者提出了关于创新方法在不同时间和空间尺度上的效果和影响的问题，例如：这些创新项目的直接目标是使哪些行为者和社区受益？在哪个时间段？在选择实施这些创新项目时，需要做出哪些权衡？从长远来看，这些项目中是否有一些是无效的，甚至是有害的？这些项目是否能够提高沿海地区的社会和生态复原力？如果是，如何以及在哪些时间尺度上？发展对这些复杂问题的更深入的理解需要汇集自然科学数据，如地貌变化的建模，以巩固对社会变化和环境正义的影响的理解，这是本学生奖学金的重点。该项目侧重于诺福克海岸，特别是在侵蚀和风暴潮的风险，一个长期的，有时，围绕其沿海管理实践的有争议的历史（O'Riordan et al. 2014）。自世纪之交以来，沿着这条海岸线，海岸管理方法已经转向更广泛地接受“软工程方法”，这种方法的运作与海岸特定部分发生的自然过程更加一致。一种被推广用于保护脆弱的海岸线并为沿海社区建立对环境变化的适应力的“软”替代方案是“沙地景观”（Vikolainen等人。2017）。2019年夏天，英国北诺福克海岸的巴克顿和沃尔科特首次尝试了沙景美化。这提供了一个独特的案例研究，具体探讨和了解环境正义问题和创新的沿海管理对策的其他影响，与适应，沿海管理做法和决策。

Coastal zones are some of the most vulnerable areas to impacts from climate change in the UK. Sea level rise, erosion, frequent storm surges and flooding already put pressure on coastal infrastructure, communities, and the natural environment. Consequently, innovative and strategic approaches to coastal management focused on adapting to the effects of climate change are urgently needed (CCC, 2018). The introduction and application of these approaches raises questions and issues for coastal managers and policy makers on the effects and impacts of innovative approaches on different temporal and spatial scales, for example: - Which actors and communities do these innovative projects directly aim to benefit? Over which timescales? Which trade-offs are made in the choices to implement these innovative projects?- Could some of these projects be ineffective or even harmful in the longer term?- Are these projects able to enhance social and ecological resilience of coastal areas? If so, how and over which timescales? Developing a stronger understanding of these complex issues requires bringing together natural science data, such as modelling of geomorphological change, to underpin understandings of social change and implications for environmental justice, which this studentship focuses on.This project focuses on the Norfolk coast, an area particularly at risk from erosion and storm surges, and one with a long and, at times, contested history surrounding its coastal management practices (O'Riordan et al. 2014). Since the turn of the century, along this coastline, coastal management approaches have moved towards a greater acceptance of 'soft engineering approaches', which operate more in tune with natural processes occurring at specific sections of the coast. One 'soft' alternative that has been promoted to protect vulnerable coastlines and build resilience to environmental change for coastal communities is 'sandscaping' (Vikolainen et al. 2017). Sandscaping was attempted for the first time in the UK at Bacton and Walcott, on the North Norfolk coast, during the summer of 2019. This provides a unique case study to specifically explore and understand the environmental justice issues and other implications of innovative coastal management responses, in relation to adaptation, coastal management practices and decision-making.