An interdisciplinary exploration of the social impact of foetal and perinatal mortality during the industrialisation of England

最近对城市墓地的考古发掘推动了参与工业化的社会、文化和经济转型的雄心勃勃的议程(Tarlow 2015；Nixon等人)。2002年)。在撰写关于健康、职业和家庭生活的包容性和代表性叙述时，妇女和儿童的生活受到了新的审视。这个项目解决了一个研究议程中的关键目标--城市化如何影响家庭动态？(POWERS 2015)--通过关注许多未能在工业时代生活的艰辛中幸存下来的婴儿，他们的遗失似乎在很大程度上是一件私人事情，被历史叙述和考古研究忽视。对工业时期婴儿埋葬的葬礼和骨学评估出现在商业考古发掘产生的许多报告中。这一证据直到最近才开始被整合到合成研究中。已对骨骼遗骸进行了延迟生长(Hodson 2018)和暴露于生物压力(Newman 2017)的评估，但需要构建更广泛的背景叙事--对胎儿和围产期死亡的社会和文化理解。通过关注用来调解失去和悲伤的死亡仪式，家庭、生殖和情感历史中的一系列问题(Murphy 2011；Tarlow 2000)可以通过儿童考古学的视角来研究(Crawford等人)。这个项目将评估工业化对胎儿和围产期损失反应的影响，阐明城市化对18-19世纪英国家庭的影响。1.与成人相比，18世纪至19世纪的城市墓地纪念胎儿和围产儿的方式是怎样的？它们在多大程度上出现在墓穴、坟墓、墓穴和其他不同形式的墓葬中？2.非常年轻的人在多大程度上被包括/排除在墓葬社区之外？在成人坟墓中埋葬或秘密埋葬婴儿的空间分区有多普遍？这些做法可能会告诉我们对幼儿死亡的反应？3.社会地位和宗教信仰是否影响城市社区对失去胎儿和婴儿的反应？4.在多大程度上有证据表明，对胎儿和围产儿遗体的非埋葬处理，例如遗弃或解剖，对人们对非常年轻的生命的价值的看法有什么影响？这个项目将利用最近出土的丰富材料来整理一个数据集，其中包括葬礼(埋葬形式、空间位置、棺材和其他形式的物理纪念)和骨学证据(死亡年龄、生理压力的病理证据和先天性疾病)。材料将结合来自MOLA挖掘的证据(例如，弓浸礼会，圣玛丽尔伯恩，帕丁顿街北，辛的墓地)与谢菲尔德大学的收藏品(圣希尔达，南盾，卡弗街卫理公会教堂)，现有的报告(例如，圣马丁，伯明翰；研究方法将通过将埋葬数据与生命过程参数的详细证据(例如，对死亡年龄和健康状况的准确估计)进行交叉参考，以阐明这些儿童短暂生活的更广泛环境，从而确定葬礼惯例的模式及其对年幼死者的供应。将这些考古数据与历史证据(死亡账单、新闻、法庭记录和助产文献)进行关键的整合，使用对物质身体、葬礼仪式和情感的理论理解，促进对证据的深入、跨学科阅读，将阐明对婴儿丢失的反应的性质，这些反应背后的动机，以及它们在工业化环境中与生死的更广泛的关系。

Recent archaeological excavations of urban cemeteries have driven ambitious agendas to engage with the social, cultural and economic transitions of industrialisation (Tarlow 2015; Nixon et al. 2002). The lives of women and children have come under new scrutiny in the writing of inclusive and representative narratives of health, occupation and family life. This project addresses a key objective from one research agenda - How does urbanisation affect family dynamics? (Powers 2015) - by focusing on the many infants who did not survive the hardships of Industrial-period life and whose loss appears to have been largely a private affair, overlooked by both historical narratives and archaeological studies. Funerary and osteological assessments of burials of Industrial-period infants appear in numerous reports arising from commercial archaeological excavations. This evidence has only recently begun to be integrated into synthetic research. Skeletal remains have been evaluated for delayed growth (Hodson 2018), and exposure to biological stress (Newman 2017), but a wider contextual narrative needs to be constructed - a social and cultural understanding of foetal and perinatal death. By focusing on the death rituals used to mediate loss and grief, a range of issues in the histories of family, reproduction and emotion (Murphy 2011; Tarlow 2000) can be examined through the lens of archaeologies of childhood (Crawford et al. 2018; Lilehammer 2015).This project will evaluate the impact of industrialisation on responses to foetal and perinatal loss, illuminating the effect of urbanisation on the 18th-19th century English family. 1. How were foetuses and perinates commemorated in urban cemeteries dating to the 18th-19th centuries compared to adults? To what extent did they appear in vaults, tombs, crypts and other different forms of burial?2. To what extent were the very young included/excluded from the burial community? How widespread were the spatial zoning of burials or 'clandestine' burials of infants in adult graves and what might these practices tell us about responses to death of young children?3. Did social status and religious affiliation affect the responses to foetal and infant loss in urban communities? 4. To what extent is there evidence for non-burial treatments of foetal and perinatal remains, for example abandonment or anatomisation, and what are the implications for perceptions of the value of very young lives? This project will capitalise on the wealth of recently-excavated materials to collate a dataset integrating funerary (burial form, spatial location, coffins and other forms of physical commemoration) and osteological evidence (age at death, pathological evidence of physiological stress, and congenital conditions). Materials will combine evidence from MOLA excavations (e.g. Bow Baptist, St Marylebone, Paddington St North, Sheen's Burial Ground) with collections at the University of Sheffield (St Hilda's, South Shields, Carver Street Methodist Chapel), extant reports (e.g. St Martin's, Birmingham; Coach Lane, North Shields) and data from new and ongoing excavations.Research methods will identify patterns in funerary practice and its provision to the very young dead, facilitated by cross reference of burial data with detailed evidence of life course parameters (e.g. precise estimations of age at death and health status) to illuminate the wider environment in which these children briefly lived. Critical integration of these archaeological data with historical evidence (Bills of Mortality, journalism, court records and midwifery literature) using theoretical understandings of the material body, funerary rites and emotions that facilitate a deep, interdisciplinary reading of the evidence will illuminate the nature of responses to infant loss, the motivations behind these responses and their wider relationships to life and death in an industrialising environment.