An interdisciplinary exploration of the social impact of foetal and perinatal mortality during the industrialisation of England

英国工业化期间胎儿和围产儿死亡率的社会影响的跨学科探索

• 批准号: 2455975
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Sheffield
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2455975
• 关键词: interdisciplinary; exploration; social; impact; foetal

Recent archaeological excavations of urban cemeteries have driven ambitious agendas to engage with the social, cultural and economic transitions of industrialisation (Tarlow 2015; Nixon et al. 2002). The lives of women and children have come under new scrutiny in the writing of inclusive and representative narratives of health, occupation and family life. This project addresses a key objective from one research agenda - How does urbanisation affect family dynamics? (Powers 2015) - by focusing on the many infants who did not survive the hardships of Industrial-period life and whose loss appears to have been largely a private affair, overlooked by both historical narratives and archaeological studies. Funerary and osteological assessments of burials of Industrial-period infants appear in numerous reports arising from commercial archaeological excavations. This evidence has only recently begun to be integrated into synthetic research. Skeletal remains have been evaluated for delayed growth (Hodson 2018), and exposure to biological stress (Newman 2017), but a wider contextual narrative needs to be constructed - a social and cultural understanding of foetal and perinatal death. By focusing on the death rituals used to mediate loss and grief, a range of issues in the histories of family, reproduction and emotion (Murphy 2011; Tarlow 2000) can be examined through the lens of archaeologies of childhood (Crawford et al. 2018; Lilehammer 2015).This project will evaluate the impact of industrialisation on responses to foetal and perinatal loss, illuminating the effect of urbanisation on the 18th-19th century English family. 1. How were foetuses and perinates commemorated in urban cemeteries dating to the 18th-19th centuries compared to adults? To what extent did they appear in vaults, tombs, crypts and other different forms of burial?2. To what extent were the very young included/excluded from the burial community? How widespread were the spatial zoning of burials or 'clandestine' burials of infants in adult graves and what might these practices tell us about responses to death of young children?3. Did social status and religious affiliation affect the responses to foetal and infant loss in urban communities? 4. To what extent is there evidence for non-burial treatments of foetal and perinatal remains, for example abandonment or anatomisation, and what are the implications for perceptions of the value of very young lives? This project will capitalise on the wealth of recently-excavated materials to collate a dataset integrating funerary (burial form, spatial location, coffins and other forms of physical commemoration) and osteological evidence (age at death, pathological evidence of physiological stress, and congenital conditions). Materials will combine evidence from MOLA excavations (e.g. Bow Baptist, St Marylebone, Paddington St North, Sheen's Burial Ground) with collections at the University of Sheffield (St Hilda's, South Shields, Carver Street Methodist Chapel), extant reports (e.g. St Martin's, Birmingham; Coach Lane, North Shields) and data from new and ongoing excavations.Research methods will identify patterns in funerary practice and its provision to the very young dead, facilitated by cross reference of burial data with detailed evidence of life course parameters (e.g. precise estimations of age at death and health status) to illuminate the wider environment in which these children briefly lived. Critical integration of these archaeological data with historical evidence (Bills of Mortality, journalism, court records and midwifery literature) using theoretical understandings of the material body, funerary rites and emotions that facilitate a deep, interdisciplinary reading of the evidence will illuminate the nature of responses to infant loss, the motivations behind these responses and their wider relationships to life and death in an industrialising environment.

最近对城市墓地的考古发掘推动了雄心勃勃的议程，以参与工业化的社会，文化和经济转型（Tarlow 2015;尼克松等人2002）。在撰写关于健康、职业和家庭生活的具有包容性和代表性的叙述时，妇女和儿童的生活受到了新的审视。这个项目解决了一个研究议程的关键目标-城市化如何影响家庭动态？（Powers 2015）-通过关注许多婴儿，他们没有在工业时代的艰苦生活中幸存下来，他们的损失似乎在很大程度上是一件私事，被历史叙述和考古研究所忽视。对工业化时期婴儿墓葬的丧葬和骨骼学评估出现在商业考古发掘的许多报告中。这一证据直到最近才开始被纳入合成研究。已对骨骼遗骸的生长延迟（Hodson 2018）和生物应激暴露（纽曼2017）进行了评估，但需要构建更广泛的背景叙述-对胎儿和围产期死亡的社会和文化理解。通过关注用于调解损失和悲伤的死亡仪式，一系列家庭，生殖和情感历史问题（Murphy 2011; Tarlow 2000）可以通过童年考古学的透镜来检验（Crawford等人，2018;该项目将评估工业化对应对胎儿和围产期损失的影响，阐明了城市化对18 - 19世纪世纪英国家庭的影响。1.与成年人相比，18 - 19世纪的城市墓地是如何纪念胎儿和围产期的？它们在多大程度上出现在金库、坟墓、地穴和其他不同形式的埋葬中？2.在多大程度上，非常年轻的人被包括/排除在埋葬社区之外？在成人坟墓中埋葬或“秘密”埋葬婴儿的空间分区有多普遍？这些做法可能告诉我们对幼儿死亡的反应？3.社会地位和宗教信仰是否影响城市社区对胎儿和婴儿死亡的反应？4.在多大程度上有证据表明对胎儿和围产期遗骸进行了非埋葬处理，例如遗弃或解剖，以及对年幼生命价值的看法有何影响？该项目将利用最近挖掘的大量材料整理一个数据集，该数据集将丧葬（埋葬形式，空间位置，棺材和其他形式的物理纪念）和骨骼学证据（死亡年龄，生理压力的病理证据和先天条件）整合在一起。材料将结合来自MOLA挖掘的联合收割机证据（例如Bow Baptist，St Marylebone，帕丁顿St North，Sheen's Burial Ground），收藏于谢菲尔德大学（圣希尔达教堂，南希尔兹，卡弗街卫理公会教堂），现存的报告（例如伯明翰的圣马丁;莱恩教练（北希尔兹）以及来自新的和正在进行的挖掘的数据。研究方法将确定葬礼实践的模式及其对非常年轻的死者的提供，通过将埋葬数据与生命过程参数的详细证据（例如死亡年龄和健康状况的精确估计）相互参照，有助于了解这些儿童短暂生活的更广泛的环境。这些考古数据与历史证据的关键整合（死亡法案，新闻，法庭记录和助产文学）使用对物质身体，葬礼仪式和情感的理论理解，促进对证据的深入，跨学科的阅读，将阐明对婴儿损失的反应的性质，这些反应背后的动机及其与工业化环境中生死的更广泛关系。