Transnational migration and gendered development in Kerala, India.

尽管在过去的二十年里，印度经济增长强劲，在某些指标上，印度已跻身世界五大经济体之列，但在此期间，我们看到印度国内经济和社会不平等的加剧。当代印度在经济和社会上因种姓、性别、阶级、宗教和地区而分裂。印度显然需要包容性的经济发展和跨越各种社会分化形式的福利。国际移徙与发展之间的关系最近已成为全球、国家和区域决策的一个关键领域，也是全世界学术研究的一个焦点，特别是关于全球南方的研究。在印度尤其如此。对于居住在国外的印度侨民社区将汇款、投资、慈善捐赠、知识、技能和社会资本传递给“国内”的行为，正在进行越来越严格的审查和立法。众所周知，印度是世界上最大的外国汇款接收国，其价值超过了对该国的国际援助，并经常超过外国直接投资。此外，人们越来越认识到，印度国际移民与发展的联系远远超出了汇款，还包括跨国金融投资、慈善事业、技能、思想和知识转移，以及文化、宗教和政治交易。然而，海外印度人作为发展参与者，虽然现在在政策方面意义重大，但这是一个相对较新的现象，我们有很多东西要学习。虽然在学术和政策讨论中占主导地位的话语倾向于庆祝印度移民跨国主义与印度发展之间的进步关系，但最近一些学术研究强调了国际移民与发展关系的复杂性和模糊性，并呼吁对其进行更细致入微的分析。移民跨国主义可能加剧并造成印度内部的社会分化和不平等，在促进某些人的经济发展的同时，破坏包容性发展。重要的是要审查跨跨国空间的移民跨国主义的影响，对那些没有移民的人的影响尤其重要。在此范围内，建议需要进一步研究，以确定喀拉拉邦移民-发展关系在性别方面的持续和长期影响和影响。S. Irudaya Rajan教授进行的喀拉拉邦移民调查（最近一次是2018年）记录了自1998年以来喀拉拉邦的发展和移民趋势。展示了喀拉拉邦的发展规模，特别是在教育、提高识字率和健康结果方面，与印度其他地区的增长相比，这是改善最大的。例如，女性识字率达到92%，预期寿命达到74岁，出生率下降（发展研究中心）。

Despite strong economic growth in India over the past twenty years, resulting in the country beingplaced within the top five world economies on some measurements, we have seen the intensificationof economic and social inequalities within India during this period. Contemporary India is particularlyeconomically and socially divided on the basis of caste, gender, class, religion and region. There is aclear need for inclusive economic development and welfare across forms of social differentiation inIndia.The relationship between international migration and development has recently emerged as a keyarea of global, national and regional policy making, as well as a focus of academic research throughoutthe world but particularly with reference to the global south. This is particularly the case in India.Intense and increasing scrutiny and legislation is being applied to the remittances, investments,philanthropic donations, knowledge, skills and social capital transmitted 'home' by Indian diasporiccommunities living abroad. India is famously the largest foreign remittance receiving country in theworld, the value of which outstrips international aid to, and regularly exceeds foreign directinvestment in, the nation. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognised that the Indian internationalmigration-development nexus goes well beyond remittances to encompass transnational financialinvestments, philanthropy, skills, ideas and knowledge transfer, as well as cultural, religious andpolitical transactions. Nevertheless, the overseas Indian as development actor is, while now hugelysignificant in policy terms, a relatively new phenomenon about which we have much to learn. Whiledominant discourses within academic and policy discussions tend to celebrate the progressiverelationship between Indian migrant transnationalism and Indian development, they have recentlybeen qualified by a number of academic studies which emphasize the complexity and ambiguity, andcall for more nuanced analyses, of the international migration-development nexus. Migranttransnationalism can exacerbate and create social differentiation and inequality within India,undermining inclusive development while simultaneously promoting economic development forsome. It is important to examine the impact of migrant transnationalism across transnational space,with the effects upon those who do not migrate being especially important.It is within this it is proposed that further research is required to ascertain the ongoing and longerterm impact and effect of the migration-development nexus in Kerala in relation to gender. The KeralaMigration Surveys, conducted by Professor S. Irudaya Rajan - the most recent of which for 2018document development and migration trends since 1998 in Kerala. Demonstrating the scale ofdevelopment taking place within Kerala, particularly with regard to education, improving literacy ratesand health outcomes, which compared with growth within the rest of India, are the most improved.For example, female literacy rates have reached 92%, life expectancy 74 and birth rates havedecreased (Centre for Development Studies).