Incentivising Professionals to Facilitate Serious and Organised Crimes: Motivations, Networks and Rationalisations

这整合了犯罪学和社会网络分析方法，对如何以及为什么“专业”演员（律师，会计师，公证人，顾问，公司成立代理人等）被激励促进英国境内的严重和有组织犯罪进行实证研究和建立理论。是什么促使这些专业演员成为并继续参与促进犯罪活动？利益、胁迫、恐惧、野心等等。人际关系网络是如何随着时间的推移而建立和维持的？例如，面对面，兄弟，在线，匿名，通过金融机构的交易)专业人士如何合理化，中和或证明他们的行为和参与？通常的做法，没有真正的/直接的伤害)。为了解决这些问题，将利用对违规专业人员的大约30次叙述性访谈，以及对已知案例的分析（包括从苏格兰警察那里分享的经验教训）。叙述性的方法将被用来引出对罪犯的描述，关于他们如何成为促进者，是什么激励/激发了这种参与，以及他们如何合理化/中和他们的行为。此外，创新的自我网络社会网络分析将用于建立对职业关系的理解。自我网络分析的基本原理是探索个人（自我）的个人网络，重点关注他们与其他参与者（改变者）的直接联系。被采访的“罪犯”可以识别他们联系人的一般特征（他们的角色是什么，他们在哪些领域工作），根据他们的便利网络的凝聚力或碎片性以及这些网络在不同领域（犯罪、金融、机构）的覆盖范围，创建合作者的概况。苏格兰警方将在确定相关个人以及其他相关刑事司法和监管机构结案的公共领域的其他数据方面发挥作用，此外还将分享他们从调查案件中获得的经验。面试数据将以案例研究的形式记录下来，并附有说明性时间表和网络地图。它也将被引入到UCINET （Borgatti et al 2002）和NETDRAW （Borgatti 2002）软件中，用于社会网络分析。尽管文献中相对一致认为，拥有关键技能的专业行为者会促进有组织犯罪，但专业行为者参与的动机以及识别、招募和维持他们的过程仍未得到充分探讨（Lord等人，2018）。除了理论的发展，这项研究的结果将为执法当局的利益相关者提供i)对如何以及为什么激励专业行为者促进有组织犯罪活动的全面理解，以及ii)针对这些行为/行为者/网络中的脆弱性点的证据基础。该研究还将与专业机构合作，这些专业机构在塑造易受促进的关键职业的行为方面发挥作用。将与相关执法机构安排研讨会，分享调查结果和制定的政策“工具包”，以便在学术出版物的同时为决策者提供信息。

This integrates a criminological and social network analysis approach to empirically examine and build theory on how and why 'professional' actors (lawyers, accountants, notaries, consultants, company formation agents, etc.) are incentivised to facilitate serious and organised crimes within the UK.What motivates these professional actors to become and remain involved in facilitating criminal activity? Profit, coercion, fear, ambition etc.How are the networks of personal relations established and maintained over time? e.g. face to face, fraternal, online, anonymously, transactions through financial institutions) How do professionals rationalise, neutralise or justify their behaviours and participation? e.g. common practice, no real/direct harm).To address these questions, approximately 30 narrative interviews with offending professionals will be utilised, alongside an analysis of known cases (including shared learning from Police Scotland). The narrative approach will be used to elicit insights into the accounts of offenders regarding how they became involved as facilitators, what incentivised/motivated this involvement, and how they rationalised/neutralised their behaviours. Further, an innovative ego-net social network analysis will be used to build an understanding of professional relations. The rationale underlying ego-net analysis is to explore the personal network of an individual (ego), with a focus on their immediate ties to other actors (alters). Interviewed 'offenders' can identify general characteristics of their contacts (what is their role, in which areas do they work), to create profiles of collaborators based on the cohesion or fragmentation of their facilitating network and on the reach of such networks across different domains (criminal, financial, institutional). Police Scotland will play a role in identifying the relevant individuals, as well as other data in the public domain regarding cases which have been concluded by other relevant criminal justice and regulatory bodies, in addition to sharing their learning from cases they have investigated. The interview data will be written up as case studies, informed by illustrative timelines and network maps. It will also be imported into the UCINET (Borgatti et al 2002) and NETDRAW (Borgatti 2002) software for social network analysis.Despite a relative consensus in the literature that professional actors with key skills facilitate organised crime, the motivations of professional actors to participate and the process in which they are identified, recruited and maintained remain under-explored (Lord et al., 2018). Alongside the development of theory, the findings of this research will provide stakeholders in law enforcement authorities with i) a comprehensive understanding of how and why professional actors are incentivised to facilitate organised crime activities, and ii) an evidence base for targeting points of vulnerability in those behaviours/actors/networks. The research will also engage with professional bodies who have a role in shaping the behaviours of key professions vulnerable to facilitation. Workshops will be arranged with relevant enforcement authorities to share findings and a policy 'tool-kit' developed to inform policymakers alongside academic publications.