What do electricity access programmes do for internally displaced populations in North East India?

由于自然灾害、气候变化以及现在的COVID-19，印度目前是全球境内流离失所率最高的国家之一。流离失所事件对印度东北部雅鲁藏布江沿岸沿着地区造成了不成比例的影响，洪水、河岸侵蚀和COVID-19的综合影响正在对该地区产生严重的社会和经济影响。对未来地表温度、湿度和降雨量变化的预测可能会加剧这些挑战，增加该国这一地区的流离失所率。在国家和非国家机构应对这些挑战时，重点一直放在确保境内流离失所者获得电力上，这引发了有关这些努力的政治和影响的多种问题。在此背景下，旨在增加电力供应的方案产生了不平等的结果;洪泛平原等低洼地区的人口-往往最容易成为境内流离失所者-仍然没有连接和被剥夺权利。获得可靠、负担得起和安全的电力供应和相关服务仍然是印度许多家庭面临的挑战，即使该国声称实现了普遍电气化。我希望在阿萨姆邦的雅鲁藏布江沿岸沿着进行一项民族志研究。鉴于该地区的地形及其独特的气候和社会文化复杂性，这些地区居民的电力供应正成为一个日益重要的问题。最容易受到洪水影响的地方，特别是低洼的沙洲（或Chars），仍然没有与电网连接，最近通过州政府计划和安装微电网，太阳能电力设备激增。这个博士项目旨在研究努力改善那些最容易因自然灾害和气候变化而被迫流离失所的人的生活的社会政治影响，通过具体关注能源获取。我的研究问题解决了寻求重新解放和获得基础设施的人口在电网的边缘。我希望在能源民主的背景下进行我的研究，研究“公共”电力服务的生产，并通过关注三个特定方面来补充现有的文献-关税和补贴在提高电力供应的可负担性方面的作用;电力计量计划对可负担性，可计算性和市场化的影响;以及为要求更好地获得能源而出现的各种形式的社区集体行动。在未来十年中，随着地方和中央政府、研究人员和民间社会将注意力集中在为所有人提供电力上，他们将不得不应对因气候变化而产生的其他挑战，如流离失所。本论文不仅将通知这些参与者，但也将有助于学术辩论的公正影响能源获取流离失所的人口在印度东北部和努力，以确保持续的电力供应-特别是在人类学和发展研究话语中的行为。

India currently carries one of the highest rates of internal displacement worldwide, as a result of natural disasters, climate change and, now, COVID-19. Displacement events have come to disproportionately affect the north-east of India, along the banks of the Brahmaputra river, where the combined effects of flooding, riverbank erosion and COVID-19 are having severe social and economic impact. Projections of future changes in surface temperature, humidity and rainfall are likely to exacerbate these challenges, increasing rates of displacement in this part of the country. As state and non-state agencies address these challenges, much emphasis has been placed on ensuring that internally displaced people have access to electricity, raising multiple questions about the politics and impacts of these efforts. Against this backdrop, programmes aimed at increasing access to electricity produce unequal outcomes; with populations in low-lying areas like flood-plains -- often most vulnerable to internal displacement -- remaining unconnected and disenfranchised. Access to reliable, affordable, and safe electricity supply and associated services is still a challenge for many households in India, even with claims of universal electrification in the country. I wish to conduct an ethnographic study along the banks of the Brahmaputra river in the state of Assam. Given the topography of the region and its unique climatic and socio-cultural complexities, electricity access for inhabitants in these districts is becoming an issue of increased importance. Places that remain most vulnerable to flooding-induced displacement, especially low-lying sandbars (or Chars), remain unconnected to the electricity grid and recently have been seeing a proliferation of solar powered electrical equipment through state government schemes and the installation of micro-grids. This PhD project aims to examine the socio-political impact of efforts to improve the lives of those most vulnerable to forced displacement as a result of natural disasters and climate change, through a specific focus on energy access. My research questions address the quest for re-enfranchisement and access to infrastructure for populations at the edge of the grid. I wish to situate my research within the context of energy democracy, examining the kind of 'public' electricity services produce and to add to the existing literature by focusing on three particular aspects -- the role of tariffs and subsidies in increasing the affordability of electricity supply; the impact of electricity metering schemes on affordability, calculability and marketisation; and the forms of community-based collective action emerging to demand better access to energy. Over the coming decade, as local and central administrations, researchers, and civil society focus their attention on provision of electricity access for all, they will have to address the additional challenges, such as displacement, that arise due to climate variability. This thesis will not only inform such participants, but will also contribute to academic debate about the justice implications of energy access for displaced populations in northeast India and the efforts to ensure sustained electricity supply -- particularly acting within anthropological and development studies discourses.