Carbon Tax

碳税

• 批准号: 2571457
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Stirling
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2571457
• 关键词: Carbon; Tax

The biggest barrier to carbon tax implementation islack of public support (Deroubaix and Lévèque, 2006;Jakobsson,et al. 2000; Steg, et al. 2006). A small body of researchhas demonstrated that people's evaluations of carbontaxesare influenced by behavioural biases such as framing(Baranzini and Carattini, 2017; Hardisty, et al.2019).RQ1:In addition to the framing effect, what otherbehavioural biases influence people's evaluationsof carbon tax?Research question 1 will be addressed by conductingan online randomised controlled experiment. The dependentvariable will be a quantitative measure of people'swillingness to pay (WTP) carbon tax. Participantswill be randomlyallocated into one of several treatment conditionsor the control group. Participants will be presentedwith ahypothetical policy scenario which will assess theirWTP carbon tax; they will have the option to rejectthe tax orchoose a WTP amount from a predetermined list. Thosein the treatment group will receive a message priortoanswering this question and those in the control groupwill not. Participants in the treatment group willreceive one ofseveral messages designed to leverage a bias. An in-depthreview of the literature will determine which biasestopursue. Ordinary least squares regression will beemployed to estimate the average treatment effectand establishwhether there is a significant difference in WTP betweenthe groups.I will then test whether these messages yield differentresults depending on who receives the message. Ana-prioriliterature review shows that climate-change beliefsand political trust are correlated with support forenvironmentalpolicies (Fairbrother, et al. 2019). Income is correlatedwith WTP carbon tax (Kotchen, et al. 2017). Thesevariableswill be included as interaction terms in the regressionsand will discern which messages are most appropriateforpublic communication and reveal any unintentionalnegative consequences of the messages.RQ2:If the responsibility of paying carbon tax isshared between individuals and corporations willthis influencepeople's willingness to pay carbon tax?Equity theory suggests that if the costs of a behaviourare not fairly distributed throughout society thisreduces thelikelihood of an individual engaging in that behaviour(Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). Hardisty, et al. (2019)demonstratethat people would prefer to tax fossil-fuel producersas opposed to individuals. However, it is not clearwhetherpeople's WTP would change if the responsibility ofpaying carbon tax were to be shared between bothgroups. Essay2 will seek to determine whether people's WTP carbontax is influenced by the knowledge that fossil-fuelproducersare also being taxed. An online randomised controlledexperiment will be utilised and will mimic a purchasingscenario. The experiment will test whether people'sWTP will decrease once they realise corporationsare beingtaxed or whether it will increase when they are madeto feel that the responsibility of paying carbontax is shared.RQ3:Will the efficacy of the aforementioned messagessurvive when tested in the field?The UK government recently introduced "Clean Air Zones"in areas which are deemed to be toxic from transportemissions. Drivers of the most polluting vehicleswill be charged up to £100 per day to enter thesezones. There isthe potential to design a field experiment in conjunctionwith this policy that is informed by essays 1 and2. Essays 1and 2 will shed light on the types of messages thatmost significantly impact people's WTP carbon tax.Essay 3 wouldseek to determine whether the efficacy of messagessurvives when tested in the field. The experimentwould involvemanipulating the type of message on the letter thataccompanies the fine. Ordinary least squares regressionwouldbe used to test whether these messages have an impacton time taken to pay the fine and the number of excursionsinto the clean air zone post fine.

实施碳税的最大障碍是缺乏公众支持（Deroubaix and Lévèque，2006;Jakobsson，et al. 2000; Steg，et al. 2006）。一小部分研究表明，人们对碳税的评估受到行为偏见的影响，如框架（Baranzini和Carattini，2017; Hardisty等人，2019）。研究问题1将通过进行在线随机对照实验来解决。其中的因变量将是人们愿意支付碳税的一个量化指标。受试者将被随机分配到几个治疗条件之一或对照组。参与者将看到一个假设的政策情景，该情景将评估他们的WTP碳税;他们将可以选择拒绝税收或从预定的列表中选择WTP金额。在回答这个问题之前，治疗组会收到一条信息，而对照组则不会。治疗组的参与者将收到几条旨在利用偏见的信息之一。对文献的深入回顾将确定哪种偏见。普通最小二乘回归将被用来估计平均治疗效果，并确定两组之间的支付意愿是否存在显著差异，然后我将测试这些消息是否会产生不同的结果，这取决于谁收到了消息。一项优先文献审查表明，气候变化信念和政治信任与对政治政策的支持相关（Fairbrother等人，2019）。收入与WTP碳税相关（Kotchen，et al. 2017）。这些变量将作为交互项纳入回归分析，并将辨别哪些信息最适合公众传播，并揭示信息的任何无意负面后果。RQ 2：如果个人和企业分担支付碳税的责任，这是否会影响人们支付碳税的意愿？公平理论表明，如果一种行为的成本没有在整个社会中公平分配，这会降低个人参与这种行为的可能性（Fehr & Fischbacher，2004）。Hardisty等人（2019）证明，人们更愿意对化石燃料生产商征税，而不是对个人征税。然而，如果碳税的支付责任由两个群体共同承担，人们的支付意愿是否会改变还不清楚。论文2将试图确定人们的WTP碳税是否受到化石燃料生产商也被征税的影响。将使用在线随机对照实验，并模拟购买场景。该实验将测试人们的支付意愿是否会降低一旦他们意识到企业被征税，或者是否会增加当他们感到支付碳税的责任是分担。RQ 3：上述信息的有效性在实地测试时是否有效？英国政府最近在被认为是有毒的地区引入了“清洁空气区”。污染最严重的车辆的司机将被收取高达每天100英镑的费用进入这些区域。有可能设计一个实地实验，结合这一政策，是由论文1和2。论文1和2将阐明对人们的WTP碳税影响最大的信息类型。论文3将试图确定信息的有效性是否在现场测试时有效。实验将涉及操纵罚款信上的信息类型。普通最小二乘回归将被用来测试这些消息是否对支付罚款的时间和罚款后进入清洁空气区的次数有影响。