Selling Space, Controlling Land: A Political Economy of Cartography in Early Modern England

我的项目考察了16世纪和17世纪的英国地图贸易以及政治发展，以探索国家和更广泛的社会对地图的生产、流通和使用。这项研究将使用传统的经验方法(文献证据)和地理空间分析(对地图本身)，来评估地图对统治阶级对政治空间的认知以及对领土、主权和规模的新兴想法的影响。通过研究“地图知识经济”(我的措辞)与当代治国新形式之间的互动，该项目将做到以下几点：有助于对现代领土政治起源的新理解；为当今关于治理规模的辩论(例如，英国的权力下放、欧盟的附属地位)提供信息；并对信息交换和领土政策形成新的概念见解。在解决地图经济学和治国政治之间的关系方面，我的项目还借鉴了早期现代政治理论和实践的学术知识。传统观点认为，中央政府希望建立一个中央集权的民族国家(威尔逊，2006年)；我对尺子如何利用地图市场实现中央集权的分析，将揭示这种解释是否仍然成立。我将使用Winichakul的地体概念(1994)来研究两个世纪以来地图的作用，这些地图可能比任何其他地图更多地定义了现代英国的国家认同，以及国家权威的形式和范围。在其他问题中，我将研究早期现代英语地图的商品化是如何通过构建差异来创造国家认同的，进而我将考虑仇外心理在多大程度上支撑着现代领土政治中的民族主义(Bhambra 2017)。我已经开发出了“地图知识经济”的概念，以提供一个框架，在这个框架内，地图贸易可以与形成关于英语空间和领土(所有比例尺和与其他领土有关)的规范性话语联系起来，利用知识社会学(Powell和Snellman 2004)和信息经济学(Stigler 1961)的学术知识。华盛顿国会图书馆的档案研究，DC对于我的项目的成功完成至关重要。它收藏了罗伯特·摩登、约翰·斯皮德和爱德华·赖特绘制的一些地图，以及与这些地图的制作有关的记录。正如我在提案中指出的那样，这些资料(只有手稿)对于理解英国统治阶级如何看待他们在国内外的政治空间是不可或缺的。如果不使用这些资源，我的项目将无法全面重建16世纪和17世纪英格兰伪官方国家地图的性质，这是我研究的一个基本方面。国会图书馆还收藏了非英语制图师(如布莱乌)的地图，这将允许进行比较工作，这是我提议的项目的另一个组成部分。福尔杰·莎士比亚图书馆提供的手稿对于洞察16世纪和17世纪的政治和经济格局同样重要。例如，NewDigate时事通讯和克莱顿-莫里斯合集将改变我对(特别是)17世纪政治、商业和社会事务的理解，所有这些都是我的论文不可或缺的部分。

My project examines the English map trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries alongside political developments to explore the production, circulation, and use of maps by the state and wider society. The research will use both traditional, empirical methods (documentary evidence) and geospatial analysis (on the maps themselves), to assess maps' impact on perceptions among the ruling classes regarding political space, and emergent ideas of territory, sovereignty, and scale. By examining the interaction between the 'cartographic knowledge economy' (my phrase) and new forms of contemporary statecraft, the project will do the following: contribute to new understandings of the origins of modern territorial politics; inform present-day debates concerning scale in governance (e.g., devolution in the UK, subsidiarity in the EU); and develop new conceptual insights into information exchange and territorial policy.In addressing the relationship between the economics of cartography and the politics of statecraft, my project also draws on scholarship on early modern political theory and practice. The traditional perspective is that central governments desired a centralised nation state (Wilson 2006); my analysis of how rulers used the cartographic markets in their pursuit of centralisation will expose whether this interpretation still holds. I shall employ Winichakul's geo-body concept (1994) to examine the role of maps through two centuries that perhaps defined modern English national identity more than any others, as well as the form and scope of state authority. Among other issues, I shall examine how the commodification of early modern English maps created national identity through the construction of difference, and, by extension, I shall consider the extent to which xenophobia underpins nationalism in modern territorial politics (Bhambra 2017).I have developed the concept of a 'cartographic knowledge economy' to provide a framework within which the trade of maps can be linked to the formation of normative discourses of English space and territory (at all scales and in relation to other territories), drawing on scholarship on the sociology of knowledge (Powell and Snellman 2004) and the economics of information (Stigler 1961).Archival research at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC is crucial for the successful completion of my project. It holds a number of maps constructed by Robert Morden, John Speed, and Edward Wright, as well as records pertaining to the production of these same maps. These sources (only available in manuscript) are, as noted in my proposal, indispensable for understanding how the English ruling classes perceived their political space, both at home and abroad. Without using these resources, my project would not be able to comprehensively reconstruct the nature of England's pseudo-official state cartography during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a fundamental aspect of my research. The Library of Congress further holds maps by non-English cartographers (e.g., Blaeu), which will allow for comparison work to be carried out, another component of my proposed project.The manuscripts available at the Folger Shakespeare Library are similarly important for providing an insight into the political and economic landscape of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Newdigate newsletters and the Clayton-Morris collection, for example, would transform my understanding of (in particular) seventeenth-century politics, commerce, and social affairs, all of which are integral to my thesis.