Pedestrian crossings: urban movement in early nineteenth-century periodicals

查尔斯·波德莱尔（Charles Baudelaire）说，流浪者能够“看到世界，处于世界的中心，但仍然隐藏在世界之外”（1986：9）。在讨论波德莱尔世纪中期巴黎的诗歌时，沃尔特·本雅明断言，游子“悠闲地走着”（2006 a：85），沿着拱廊，不受人群的伤害。本雅明对游荡者的分析使这种闲逛的城市运动成为批评的焦点。我的论文通过论证19世纪早期城市中不同的运动模式来批评流浪者，并展示文学中城市运动的表现所涉及的政治、社会和批评风险。流浪者仍然受到批评界的关注，这一点在劳伦·埃尔金的《流浪者：女人在巴黎、纽约、东京、威尼斯和伦敦漫步》（2016）和马修·博蒙的《步行者》中得到了证明：在现代城市中失去和找到自己（2020）这两个批评家都对这个词的含义进行了扩展和施压。我打算以不同的方式来破坏流浪者：通过展示拥挤如何经常污染和阻止由于公共场所的碰撞和公共运动而产生的流浪。在1800年至1840年之间，伦敦变得更加拥挤，这反映在设计一种词汇的愿望上，这种愿望反映在期刊散文和连载小说中捕捉新的城市体验。我的研究涵盖了文学杂志的兴起，从《考官》的《圆桌会议》（1815- 1817）到查尔斯·狄更斯的《博兹素描》（1833- 1836）。它提供了适当的文学处理这一研究不足的语料库，身体的工作，使狄更斯可能。但这一时期的期刊文学不仅仅是预备性的。它是一个时尚的，突破性的城市写作的宝库。我与一系列期刊合作，如伦敦杂志，每月杂志和审查员。我研究的作家包括托马斯胡德，B。W. Procter，T.G. Wainewright，Caroline Bowles，玛丽拉塞尔米特福德，Pierce埃根，William Hone，William Hazlitt，托马斯德昆西和Charles Lamb.我主要利用大英图书馆广泛收集的19世纪早期的报纸和手稿来访问这些资源。在这段丰富的历史背景下，我的作品提出了一个问题：这些作家是如何构思在一个前所未有的拥挤时期穿越不同的城市空间的？他们的理解有何不同？不同的空间如何促进独特的行为和运动类型？期刊如何成为表达城市经验的适当媒介？像《拉贝尔》这样的优秀女性杂志记录的女性经历，在哪些方面与传统的男性在城市中的经历不同或相似？为了回答这些问题，我想到了不同类型的城市空间，比如街道、剧院和画廊、运动空间、住宅和期刊本身。我还探讨了城市中的公共性和竞争之间的紧张关系，并考虑不同的空间如何创造运动，既巩固了“伦敦人”的融合身份，又增强了个性，通常是通过与他人的区别或碰撞。在20世纪后期的批评中，城市运动中的流浪特征被夸大了。最近，达特和埃斯特哈默以有趣的方式重新考虑了期刊，注意到社会接触。在这种势头的基础上，我用我流利的德语重新重读了沃尔特·本雅明的《拱廊》材料，超越了他著名的流浪汉形象，转而考虑“流浪汉”，他无法从城市的刺激和居民中保持独立。我的研究通过拆除过度使用的flânerie框架，重新想象19世纪早期的伦敦，而是研究社会接触和行人过路处。我打算恢复期刊写作的重要性，并重新评估它们所描述的城市经验的含义。

Charles Baudelaire states flâneurs are able 'to see the world, to be at the center of the world, yet to remain hidden from the world' (1986:9). In his discussion of Baudelaire's poetry from mid-nineteenth-century Paris, Walter Benjamin asserts the flâneur 'goes his leisurely way' (2006a:85) along the arcades, unscathed by the crowd. Benjamin's analysis of the flâneur has drawn this sauntering urban movement into critical focus. My thesis critiques flânerie by arguing for different models of movement in the early nineteenth-century city and showing the political, social, and critical stakes of the representation of urban movements in literature.The flâneur still receives critical attention, as evident in Lauren Elkin's Flâneuse: Women walk the city in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London (2016) and Matthew Beaumont's The Walker: On Losing and Finding Yourself in the Modern City (2020). Both these critics extend and put pressuire on the meaning of the term. I intend to undermine the flâneur differently: by showing how crowdedness often taints and prevents flânerie as a result of colliding and communal movements in public.Between 1800 and 1840, London becomes more crowded, which is reflected in the desire to devise a vocabulary that captures new urban experiences in periodical essays and serial fiction. My research spans the rise of literary magazines from The Examiner's 'The Round Table' essays (1815-7) to Charles Dickens' 'Sketches by Boz' (1833-6). It provides proper literary treatment of this under-researched corpus, the body of work that made Dickens possible. But the periodical literature of this period is more than preparatory. It is a repository of stylish, ground-breaking urban writing.I work with a range of periodicals, such The London Magazine, The Monthly Magazine, and The Examiner. The writers I study include Thomas Hood, B. W. Procter, T.G. Wainewright, Caroline Bowles, Mary Russell Mitford, Pierce Egan, William Hone, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey, and Charles Lamb. I primarily use the British Library's extensive collection of early nineteenth-century newspapers and manuscripts to access these resources. In the context of this rich history my work asks: how do these writers conceive of moving through different city spaces at a time of unprecedented crowdedness? How do their understandings differ? How do different spaces facilitate unique behaviour and types of movement? How is the periodical an appropriate medium for expressing urban experience? In what ways are women's experiences, documented in fabulous women's magazines like La Belle Assemblee, different and similar to traditional male experiences of navigating the city? To answer these questions, I think about different types of urban spaces, such as streets, theatres and galleries, sporting spaces, homes, and periodicals themselves. I also explore the tension between communality and competition in the city and consider how different spaces create movements that both consolidate the merged identity of 'Londoners' and enhance individuality, often by way of distinction from or collision with others. The extent to which flânerie characterises urban movement has been overstated in late twentieth-century criticism. Recently, Dart and Esterhammer have reconsidered periodicals in interesting ways, noting social encounters. Building on this momentum, I use my fluent German to reread Walter Benjamin's Arcades material afresh, moving beyond his famous figure of the flâneur and considering instead the 'pedestrian', who is unable to retain independence from city stimulations and inhabitants. My research reimagines early nineteenth-century London by dismantling the overused framework of flânerie and instead examining social encounters and pedestrian crossings. I intend to recover the importance of periodical writing and re-evaluate what the implications of the urban experiences they describe are.