Disrupting the Hierarchies of Humanitarianism: Refugee Solidarity in France from 1970 to present.

破坏人道主义的等级制度：1970 年至今法国的难民团结。

• 批准号: 2588092
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2588092
• 关键词: Disrupting; Hierarchies; Humanitarianism; Refugee; Solidarity

In 2020 the ODI's annual conference 'A humanitarian reset: impacts of a historic year' debated the decentralisation of aid and the role of local actors within a new humanitarian framework. Yet while many scholars and practitioners advocate 'resilience' or 'self-reliance' as a solution to displacement, others have emphasised the importance of solidarity and mutual partnerships. Informed by these debates, I will examine the relationship between grassroots organisations and refugees in France since 1970 by focusing on refugee led initiatives that have been shaped by non-state - refugee collaboration. Histories of humanitarianism are predominately informed by their paternalistic nature and entrenched hierarchies between so-called donors and beneficiaries. I will investigate the historical precedents of collaborative relationships between refugees and grassroots organisations to ask: are more egalitarian and democratic forms of humanitarianism possible? How have such collaborations functioned historically and with what degree of success? Tracing these relationships from the 1970s and adopting a 'bottom-up' approach offers an intriguing insight into the recent flourishing of refugee-led initiatives. Yet do such partnerships risk being a mere act of tokenism? Or is meaningful participation between refugees and the aid sector not only possible but has, in fact, a track record that can be explored through historical work?This research proposes less to 'rethink' humanitarian hierarchies but rather to consult past alternatives and case studies. Engaging with the vast literature on refugee voice and agency, I begin from Liisa Malkki's call to resist rendering refugees into speechless emissaries, and, adopting a longue durée approach, I will examine the reception of Chilean and Vietnamese refugees at a local level in France during the 1970s. My study will encompass solidarity marches and committees in Grenoble, accommodation centres in Villeneuve run jointly by South American refugees and local actors, and present day collaborations between displaced communities and non-state organisations across France. From Jungala Radio produced by refugees in the Calais 'Jungle', to activists using social media as a platform for first-hand testimonies, I examine whether these present and past initiatives have developed as a result of the inaction and gaps in the responses of the French state and established humanitarian agencies, and how these collaborative projects have evolved, multiplied and responded to increasingly hostile asylum policies and the criminalisation of solidarity.I am confident that this study will help demonstrate what global organisations such as the UNHCR can learn from refugee-NGO partnerships through history, and how disrupting the hierarchical nature of humanitarian assistance may alter the future of aid relationships.

2020年，ODI年度会议“人道主义重置：历史性一年的影响”讨论了援助权力下放和当地行为体在新人道主义框架内的作用。然而，虽然许多学者和实践者主张“复原力”或“自力更生”作为流离失所的解决方案，但其他人强调团结和相互伙伴关系的重要性。通过这些辩论的通知，我将研究自1970年以来在法国的基层组织和难民之间的关系，重点是难民主导的倡议，已形成了非国家难民合作。人道主义的历史主要是由其家长式的性质和所谓的捐助者和受益者之间根深蒂固的等级制度所告知的。我将研究难民和基层组织之间合作关系的历史先例，并提出一个问题：更平等和民主的人道主义形式是否可能？这种合作在历史上是如何运作的，取得了多大程度的成功？从20世纪70年代开始追踪这些关系，并采用“自下而上”的方法，为最近蓬勃发展的企业领导的倡议提供了一个有趣的见解。然而，这种伙伴关系是否有可能仅仅是一种象征性的行为？或者难民和援助部门之间的有意义的参与不仅是可能的，而且事实上有一个可以通过历史工作加以探讨的记录？这项研究建议，而不是“重新思考”的人道主义等级，而是咨询过去的替代方案和案例研究。在阅读了大量关于难民声音和机构的文献后，我开始从丽莎·马尔基（Liisa Malkki）的呼吁开始，她呼吁不要把难民变成无言的使者。我将采用一种长期的方法，考察20世纪70年代法国地方一级对智利和越南难民的接待情况。我的研究将包括格勒诺布尔的团结游行和委员会，由南美难民和当地演员共同经营的维勒纳夫住宿中心，以及目前流离失所的社区和法国各地的非国家组织之间的合作。从难民在加莱“丛林”制作的Jungala电台，到使用社交媒体作为第一手证词平台的活动家，我研究了这些现在和过去的举措是否是由于法国国家和既定人道主义机构的反应不作为和差距而发展起来的，以及这些合作项目是如何发展的，我相信，这项研究将有助于证明，像联合国难民署这样的全球组织可以从历史上的难民-非政府组织伙伴关系中学到什么，以及破坏人道主义援助的等级性质可能如何改变援助关系的未来。