Disrupting the Hierarchies of Humanitarianism: Refugee Solidarity in France from 1970 to present.

2020年，ODI的年度会议“人道主义重置：历史性一年的影响”讨论了援助的权力下放和地方行为体在新的人道主义框架内的作用。然而，虽然许多学者和实践者提倡“恢复力”或“自力更生”作为流离失所的解决方案，但其他人强调了团结和相互伙伴关系的重要性。在这些辩论的启发下，我将研究自1970年以来法国基层组织与难民之间的关系，重点关注由非国家难民合作形成的难民主导的倡议。人道主义的历史主要是由其家长式的性质和所谓捐助者和受益者之间根深蒂固的等级制度所决定的。我将调查难民和草根组织之间合作关系的历史先例，并提出这样的问题：更平等和民主的人道主义形式是否可能？这种合作在历史上是如何运作的，取得了多大程度的成功？从20世纪70年代开始追踪这些关系，并采用“自下而上”的方法，可以让我们对最近难民主导的倡议的蓬勃发展有一个有趣的了解。然而，这样的伙伴关系是否有可能仅仅是一种象征性的行为？或者，难民和援助部门之间的有意义的参与不仅是可能的，而且实际上有一个可以通过历史工作来探索的记录？这项研究不建议“重新思考”人道主义等级制度，而是建议参考过去的替代方案和案例研究。我查阅了大量关于难民声音和机构的文献，从莉萨·马尔基（Liisa Malkki）呼吁抵制将难民变成无法说话的使者开始，并采用一种冗长的研究方法，研究20世纪70年代法国地方一级对智利和越南难民的接待。我的研究将包括格勒诺布尔的团结游行和委员会，维伦纽夫由南美难民和当地行动者联合运营的住宿中心，以及法国各地流离失所社区和非政府组织之间的当今合作。从加莱“丛林”的难民制作的Jungala电台，到利用社交媒体作为第一手证词平台的活动人士，我研究了这些现在和过去的倡议是否因为法国政府和现有人道主义机构的不作为和反应的差距而发展起来，以及这些合作项目如何演变，增加和应对日益敌对的庇护政策和团结的刑事定罪。我相信，这项研究将有助于证明，像联合国难民署这样的全球性组织可以从历史上的难民与非政府组织的伙伴关系中学到什么，以及打破人道主义援助的等级性质可能如何改变援助关系的未来。

In 2020 the ODI's annual conference 'A humanitarian reset: impacts of a historic year' debated the decentralisation of aid and the role of local actors within a new humanitarian framework. Yet while many scholars and practitioners advocate 'resilience' or 'self-reliance' as a solution to displacement, others have emphasised the importance of solidarity and mutual partnerships. Informed by these debates, I will examine the relationship between grassroots organisations and refugees in France since 1970 by focusing on refugee led initiatives that have been shaped by non-state - refugee collaboration. Histories of humanitarianism are predominately informed by their paternalistic nature and entrenched hierarchies between so-called donors and beneficiaries. I will investigate the historical precedents of collaborative relationships between refugees and grassroots organisations to ask: are more egalitarian and democratic forms of humanitarianism possible? How have such collaborations functioned historically and with what degree of success? Tracing these relationships from the 1970s and adopting a 'bottom-up' approach offers an intriguing insight into the recent flourishing of refugee-led initiatives. Yet do such partnerships risk being a mere act of tokenism? Or is meaningful participation between refugees and the aid sector not only possible but has, in fact, a track record that can be explored through historical work?This research proposes less to 'rethink' humanitarian hierarchies but rather to consult past alternatives and case studies. Engaging with the vast literature on refugee voice and agency, I begin from Liisa Malkki's call to resist rendering refugees into speechless emissaries, and, adopting a longue durée approach, I will examine the reception of Chilean and Vietnamese refugees at a local level in France during the 1970s. My study will encompass solidarity marches and committees in Grenoble, accommodation centres in Villeneuve run jointly by South American refugees and local actors, and present day collaborations between displaced communities and non-state organisations across France. From Jungala Radio produced by refugees in the Calais 'Jungle', to activists using social media as a platform for first-hand testimonies, I examine whether these present and past initiatives have developed as a result of the inaction and gaps in the responses of the French state and established humanitarian agencies, and how these collaborative projects have evolved, multiplied and responded to increasingly hostile asylum policies and the criminalisation of solidarity.I am confident that this study will help demonstrate what global organisations such as the UNHCR can learn from refugee-NGO partnerships through history, and how disrupting the hierarchical nature of humanitarian assistance may alter the future of aid relationships.