Amnesty, Archives, Activism: Photojournalism and the Development of Human Rights Media Campaigns in Britain Since 1960s

直到最近，对人权倡导历史的调查仍然是相对较新的（Moyn 2014, p:1）。然而，历史学家在国际人权理想得到重视的20世纪40年代和70年代之后开始进行调查（同上）。国际特赦组织因引入了一种基于政治信息的新型行动主义，并精心设计了有效的施压技巧而受到赞誉。在很短的时间内，大赦国际聚集了大量的成员聚集在地方地区。大赦国际展现的政治道德吸引了大批追随者。虽然植根于社会运动的经验，但这种政治道德对许多活动家有着强烈的吸引力，因为它与他们建立一种新的、后革命形式的公民行动主义的愿望产生了共鸣”（Eckel 2013, p:192）。谁是国际特赦组织的主脑？1961年5月28日星期日，大赦国际的创始人彼得·本南森在《观察家报》的周末评论上发表了一篇名为《被遗忘的囚犯》的整版文章。这是“1961年大赦呼吁”的标志和正式发起。这篇文章在全世界广为流传，唤醒了公众的力量。为“良心犯”争取权益的当地团体开始聚集。1962年9月，在比利时举行了一次国际会议，并通过了大赦国际。这被称为最大和最成功的“战后志愿运动组织”（布坎南2002年，第577页）。本提案旨在考察大赦国际运动在20世纪60年代英国反殖民时期的作用。在大多数照片都是黑白的情况下，探索利用新闻摄影来扩大其竞选活动。进一步探讨这些活动的框架如何影响当今当代人道主义传播和营销。

Until recently, the inquiry into the history of human rights advocacy is still relatively new (Moyn 2014, p:1). However, historians had begun investigating beyond the 1940s and 1970s when international human rights ideals gained prominence (ibid). Amnesty was credited for introducing a new kind of activism based on political information and crafting effective pressure techniques. In a short period of time, Amnesty amassed a large number of members assembling in local districts. 'The political morality Amnesty displayed attracted huge numbers of followers. While rooted in social movements experiences, this political morality appealed so strongly to many activists because it resonated with their desire to forge a new, postrevolutionary form of civil activism' (Eckel 2013, p:192).Who is the brain behind of Amnesty International?Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty International on Sunday, 28 May 1961, published a full-page article on Observer's weekend review titled: 'The Forgotten Prisoners'. This was the marking and formal launch of the 'Appeal for Amnesty, 1961'. The article circulated so much worldwide that it awakened the power of the public. Local groups with the same interests for fighting for "prisoners of conscience" began gathering. In September 1962, an international conference was held in Belgium, and Amnesty International was adopted. This was dubbed the of the largest and most successful "voluntary campaigning organisations of the post-war" (Buchanan 2002, p:577).This proposal seeks to examine Amnesty International Campaigns' role during the British anti-colonialization era in the 1960s. Probing the use of photojournalism in amplifying its campaign when images were mostly black and white. Further exploring how the framing of these campaigns has influenced today's contemporary humanitarian communicationand marketing.