Women's Activism and Conservative Backlash in the Southern Cone

南锥体地区妇女的激进主义和保守派的强烈反对

• 批准号: 2593126
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2593126
• 关键词: Women; Activism; Conservative; Backlash; Southern

This project focuses on the 'gender backlash' in the Southern Cone which is experiencing a new wave of feminist activity. It identifies the causes of this backlash and explores how feminist activists mobilise against it.Recent literature has identified a global culture war with gender at its heart. Gender backlash is identified as the "preservation" of traditional and family values leading to "setbacks in individual rights, censorship and violence against minorities" (Biroli, 2020, p. 25). While this is occurring globally, it is a particularly pressing issue in the Southern Cone which is experiencing new waves of feminist activity. Increased visibility of women in politics; such as the role of grassroots activism in the progress of abortion laws in Argentina (Poblete Ibanez, 2020); the rhetoric of Bolsonaro and legacy of Marielle Franco in Brazil (Agencia Camara de Noticias, 2020); the historic constitutional change occurring in Chile, with more focus on gender-sensitive policy (Montes, 2020); and the worryingly high levels of gender-based violence in what is otherwise the region's safest state, Uruguay have all contributed to heightened awareness of a new kind of gendered political upheaval. But despite the clear political tension and anecdotal evidence of a culture war between conservatives and progressives, there is not yet a significant body of literature focusing specifically on gender backlash in the Southern Cone. I propose that the backlash experienced here stems from the region's unique legacy of socially conservative military dictatorships and strong ties between state and church, contrasting with pioneering gender policies introduced during the democratic transition periods, presenting a particularly interesting perspective on a wider global trend. I therefore plan to investigate the renewed focus on feminist activism and the relationship between activists and the political climate of the area by asking: what causes widespread gender backlash and how do feminist activists in the Southern Cone mobilise against it? I build on Biroli's (2020, p. 22) observation that gender backlash in the Southern Cone originated in the democratic transition periods of the 1980s and 90s when women gained new rights including reforms to divorce laws and gender quotas ensuring more women reached elected office. Indeed, at that time, Safa (1990, p. 367) argued that when "women attempt to gain leverage in men's power structures", they pose a clear threat to the status quo, provoking backlash. The project will also investigate Vaggione's (2017) claim that the new civil liberties presented by democracy facilitated conservative activists in politicizing reproduction and sexuality encouraging their followers to protest against new laws on sex education, discussions of gender equality, sexual diversity in schools as well as same-sex marriage and adoption. I expect this research to produce an original contribution to knowledge about the impact of feminist activism at a societal level and the work done to document the role of grassroots movements in shaping South American gender policy. This project also has the potential to facilitate solidarity and the sharing of experiences and expertise between activists from a range of movements across Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay.

该项目的重点是正在经历新一轮女权主义活动的南锥体的"性别反弹"。它确定了这种反弹的原因，并探讨了女权主义者如何动员起来反对它。最近的文学已经确定了一场以性别为核心的全球文化战争。性别反弹被认为是对传统和家庭价值观的"维护"，导致"个人权利的倒退、审查制度和对少数群体的暴力"（Biroli，2020年，第25页）。虽然这种情况在全球范围内都在发生，但在正在经历新的女权主义活动浪潮的南锥体，这是一个特别紧迫的问题。提高妇女在政治中的可见度;例如基层行动在阿根廷堕胎法的进展中的作用（Poblete Ibanez，2020）; Bolsonaro的言论和Marielle Franco在巴西的遗产（《新闻周刊》，2020年）;智利发生的历史性宪法变革，更加注重对性别问题有敏感认识的政策（蒙特斯，2020年）;以及在该地区最安全的国家中令人担忧的高水平的基于性别的暴力，乌拉圭都有助于提高对一种新的性别政治动荡的认识。但是，尽管保守派和进步派之间存在明显的政治紧张局势和文化战争的轶事证据，但目前还没有大量文献专门关注南锥体的性别反弹。我建议，这里经历的反弹源于该地区的独特遗产的社会保守的军事指挥官和国家和教会之间的紧密联系，与开创性的性别政策在民主过渡时期推出的对比，提出了一个更广泛的全球趋势特别有趣的观点。因此，我计划调查对女权主义活动的重新关注以及活动人士与该地区政治气候之间的关系，询问：是什么导致了广泛的性别强烈反对，以及南锥体的女权主义活动人士如何动员起来反对它？我建立在比罗利（2020年，第22页）的观察基础上，南锥体的性别反弹起源于20世纪80年代和90年代的民主过渡时期，当时妇女获得了新的权利，包括离婚法和性别配额的改革，确保更多的妇女获得民选职位。事实上，当时Safa（1990年，第367页）认为，当"妇女试图在男子的权力结构中获得影响力"时，她们对现状构成了明显的威胁，引起了反弹。该项目还将调查Vaggione（2017）的说法，即民主所带来的新的公民自由促进了保守派活动家将生殖和性行为政治化，鼓励他们的追随者抗议关于性教育的新法律，讨论性别平等，学校的性多样性以及同性婚姻和收养。我希望这项研究能够对女权主义活动在社会层面的影响以及记录基层运动在塑造南美性别政策中的作用所做的工作做出原创性的贡献。该项目也有可能促进阿根廷、巴西、智利和乌拉圭各地各种运动的积极分子之间的团结和经验与专门知识的分享。