The Red Scare on the Waterfront: A Transnational Assessment of the Suppression of International Maritime Solidarity, 1950-1955

考察战后红色恐慌期间对激进的美国、澳大利亚和英国海事工会的镇压，对现代社会和经济问题的影响。它的重点是1950年的美国马格努森法案，以及这个压制性的立法和跨国冲动是如何对几个原因产生负面影响的，包括独立运动、民权和同性恋权利。这项工作将分析工会通过倡导少数群体在社会中可以发挥的关键作用。-马格努森法案揭示了红色恐慌对公民权利和同性恋权利的影响？——马格努森法案是西方自由民主国家在马歇尔计划和朝鲜战争期间压制海上团结网络的更广泛努力的一部分吗？-能否通过美国、英国和澳大利亚的海事工人及其工会的棱镜来审视跨国反共主义以及种族和同性恋权利问题？——针对英国和澳大利亚海事工会的反共措施如何阻碍了反殖民主义运动？“红色恐慌”对美国社会的影响最大的莫过于海事工人。尽管《马格努森法案》对美国公民权利和同性恋权利产生了额外的影响，但它仍然是一个特殊的历史盲点。（《耶鲁法律评论》（Yale Law Review）对该法规进行的最后一次全面分析导致了零星的后续审查。）这项立法恰逢英国和澳大利亚政府对共产党主导的海事工会施加压力，这种联系以前从未被探索过。该项目将研究战后对激进海事工会主义的镇压如何导致了英语世界长期的社会不平等，这种不平等促使了“黑人的命也是命”运动。该法案启动了美国历史上规模最大的工人黑名单，但历史学家尚未充分研究政府、工会和民权组织是如何将《马格努森法案》作为一种将少数群体从海事就业中剔除的机制。清洗据称具有颠覆性的海事工人是对不确定的国际局势作出的务实反应。缺乏对该法案影响的研究意味着红色恐慌的范围没有得到充分评估；国际因素也没有得到评估。本项目将通过展示立法如何与英语国家对激进海事工会的镇压联系起来，以及对国内和国际社会运动的影响来解决这个问题。艾伦将重新审视霍夫施塔特的论断，即红色恐慌是偏执的右翼对左翼的一种访问。所有可用的文件都将被仔细审查，以确定看似左翼的组织在多大程度上利用红色恐慌来达到内部和派系目的。（集体退位理论或许可以解释组织是如何以违背其抱负的方式边缘化少数群体的。）尽管早先左翼海事工会和同性恋权利之间存在联系，但红色恐慌对公民自由的抑制表明，对激进工会的压制对少数民族权利的组织和活动产生了负面影响。该分析将为红色恐慌提供一个新的视角，超越国家对少数民族的迫害，审视为保护他们而建立的组织是如何迫害群体的。该项目将是马格努森法案第一次深入研究，也是第一次跨国考察对压制左翼海事工会主义的持续影响。

Examine how suppression of radical American, Australian, and British maritime unions, during the post-war Red Scare, has contributed to modern social and economic issues. It focusses on the US Magnuson Act of 1950, and how this suppressive legislation and the transnational impulses of which it was symptomatic, negatively affected several causes, including independence movements, and civil and gay rights. This work will analyse the critical role that trade unions can play in society by advocating for minority groups. -What did the Magnuson Act reveal about the Red Scare's effect on civil and gay rights? -Was the Magnuson Act part of a broader effort by western, liberal democracies to suppress maritime solidarity networks during the Marshall Plan and Korean War?-Can transnational anti-communism and questions of race and gay rights be examined through the prism of maritime workers and their unions in US, British, and Australian contexts?-How did anti-communist measures aimed at British and Australian maritime unions impede anti-colonialist movements? No other section of American society was more affected by the Red Scare than maritime workers and yet the Magnuson Act remains a peculiar historical blind-spot, despite its added impacts on American civil and gay rights. (The statute's last, comprehensive analysis, in the Yale Law Review, led to sporadic, subsequent examinations.) The legislation coincided with pressure exerted by the British and Australian governments on communist-dominated maritime unions, links have not previously been explored. The project will examine how the post-war suppression of radical maritime unionism contributed to long-term social inequalities in the Anglophone world of the kind that prompted the Black Lives Matter movement. The legislation initiated the largest blacklisting of workers in US history, yet historians have not fully examined how the government, unions, and civil rights organisations embraced the Magnuson Act as a mechanism by which to remove minority groups from maritime employment. The purging of allegedly subversive maritime workers constituted a pragmatic response to an uncertain international situation. The lack of research on the act's effects means that the Red Scare's scope has not been fully evaluated; nor have international factors been appraised. This project will address this by showing how the legislation connected to Anglophone suppression of radical maritime unions, and the effects on domestic and international social movements.Allen will re-examine Hofstadter's assertion that the Red Scare was something visited upon the left by a paranoid right. All available documentation will be scrutinised to establish the extent to which seemingly left-wing organisations used the Red Scare for internal and factional purposes. (The Theory of Collective Abdication may explain how organisations might marginalise minorities, in ways contrary to their ambitions.) Red Scare inhibition of civil liberties, despite earlier links between left-wing maritime unions and gay rights, demonstrate that the suppression of radical unions negatively impacted the organisation and activity of minority rights. The analysis will provide a new perspective on the Red Scare, looking beyond state persecution of minorities by examining how groups can be persecuted by organisations established to protect them. The project will be the Magnuson Act's first in-depth study and the first transnational examination of the ongoing impact on the suppression of left-wing maritime unionism.