Counter-narratives and online hate speech: the case of Pakistan's religious minorities

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This project will develop a human rights framework to tackle online hate speech by testing the utility of counter-narratives. It will take online hate speech targeted against religious minority communities in Pakistan as a case study. The research will ask: i) Who are the producers of online hate speech against religious minorities in Pakistan?; ii) What are the dynamics and spread of hate speech across social media platforms?; iii) What existing counter-responses are being used?; iv) How can reconceptualising counter-narratives lead to a better-informed response to tackling online hate speech?; v) How effective are counter-narratives as a policy response to tackle online hate speech against religious minorities in Pakistan?