How did the BBC struggle to report fairly, accurately and impartially on the conflict in Northern Ireland?

BBC 是如何努力公平、准确和公正地报道北爱尔兰冲突的？

• 批准号: 2597450
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Westminster
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2597450
• 关键词: How; did; BBC; struggle; report

The conflict of Northern Ireland, which engulfed the region for some 30 years from 1968 to 1998, was a period of political contention and sectarian violence which led to the death of more than 3,500 people. Throughout the 20th Century, the constitutional status of Northern Ireland remained a heavily contested issue by the supporters of nationalism and those of unionism - the prior predominantly Catholic and the latter Protestant. Often residing as neighbours, these two communities frequently clashed, and due to the province's unionist majority, Catholics experienced severe institutional discrimination and underrepresentation. Throughout the late 1960s, a civil rights movement emerged addressing these issues. Peaceful marches were held but they soon developed into riots as they were met by Protestant counter-demonstrators and police barricades. The Battle of the Bogside is often seen as the epitome of these riots, with the Catholic Bogside residents on one side and the loyalist-controlled police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) on the other. Violence commenced on the 12th August 1969 and continued for three days. In reaction, conflict between Catholics and Protestants transpired across Derry and Belfast, leading to arson attacks, gun battles and forced evacuations from homes. By the 15th August, the situation had become so dire that the British Army were deployed to restore peace in the province, but unbeknown to the local residents, security forces and Government, Northern Ireland would not know peace for another three decades. The significance of mass media in informing the public and shaping opinions can undoubtedly be noted in the context of Northern Ireland. British coverage of the Troubles, across primarily press and television, transpired into a 'propaganda war' within itself. Owing to the recognised significance of television images, major confrontation occurred between the Government and broadcast organisations in Britain. The BBC was especially significant, and its programming more scrutinised due to 'its unique local and national role,' as well as the understanding that it was independent from Government interest. Throughout the conflict, the BBC was repeatedly criticised by all sides as it strove to report accurately and fairly. Most significantly, the corporation struggled with pressure from the British Government, as attempts were made to threaten and intimidate the broadcasting body into supporting the official perspective. In 1976 during what became termed the 'Second Battle of Culloden,' BBC executives came under attack from numerous critics over the corporation's coverage of Northern Ireland. This included the Lord Chief Justice who contended that "the BBC would have given Satan and Jesus Christ equal time." The BBC certainly experienced the most severe clashes with the Government in regard to the conflict, but the corporations' journalists and senior representatives were determined to resist the attempts of control. BBC executives such as Curran and Francis often came to the defence of programmes which they argued, offered a better insight into the conflict, maintaining that 'reporting the enemy does not mean supporting the enemy.' In 1979, a Tonight programme was aired featuring an interview with an INLA spokesman. The BBC Board subsequently faced a major attack from the Thatcher administration who were outraged at the decision to broadcast it. However, an editorial in the Guardian defended the programme writing that anyone who had seen it was "better informed about the nature of the Irish problem than he was before." There was intense Government fury over sympathetic coverage of Republicans, and in 1985 Prime Minister Thatcher condemned the media for offering the movement the 'oxygen of publicity.' Panorama Editor Roger Bolton contended however, that after a decade of violence, it was necessary for the British public to understand the situation, and 'that would mean talking to

北方爱尔兰冲突从1968年至1998年席卷该地区约30年，是一个政治纷争和教派暴力的时期，导致3 500多人死亡。在整个世纪，北方爱尔兰的宪法地位仍然是民族主义和联合主义的支持者--前者主要是天主教徒，后者主要是新教--激烈争论的问题。这两个社区经常作为邻居居住，经常发生冲突，由于该省的工会主义者占多数，天主教徒遭受严重的制度歧视和代表性不足。在整个1960年代后期，出现了一场民权运动来解决这些问题。和平游行举行，但他们很快发展成骚乱，因为他们遇到了新教反示威者和警察路障。博格赛德之战通常被视为这些骚乱的缩影，天主教博格赛德居民站在一边，效忠派控制的警察部队皇家阿尔斯特警察（RUC）站在另一边。1969年8月12日，暴力开始，持续了三天。作为反应，天主教徒和新教徒之间的冲突在德里和贝尔法斯特发生，导致纵火袭击，枪战和被迫撤离家园。到了8月15日，局势变得如此严峻，以至于英国军队被部署去恢复该省的和平，但当地居民、安全部队和政府都不知道，北方爱尔兰在接下来的三十年里都不会有和平。在北方爱尔兰的情况下，无疑可以看到大众媒体在向公众提供信息和形成舆论方面的重要性。英国对这些问题的报道，主要是通过报纸和电视，在其内部演变成了一场“宣传战”。由于电视图像的重要性得到公认，英国政府和广播机构之间发生了重大冲突。英国广播公司尤其重要，其节目受到更多的审查，因为“其独特的地方和国家角色”，以及理解它独立于政府利益。在整个冲突中，BBC一再受到各方的批评，因为它努力准确和公正地报道。最重要的是，该公司在英国政府的压力下苦苦挣扎，因为有人试图威胁和恐吓广播机构支持官方观点。1976年，在后来被称为“第二次卡洛登战役”（Second Battle of库洛登）期间，英国广播公司（BBC）的高管们因该公司对北方爱尔兰的报道而受到众多批评者的攻击。这包括首席大法官，他争辩说，“英国广播公司会给撒旦和耶稣基督平等的时间。“在冲突方面，英国广播公司当然与政府发生了最严重的冲突，但公司的记者和高级代表决心抵制控制的企图。柯伦和弗朗西斯等英国广播公司的高管经常为他们认为更好地了解冲突的节目辩护，坚持认为“报道敌人并不意味着支持敌人”。1979年，《今夜》节目播出了对INLA发言人的采访。英国广播公司董事会随后遭到了撒切尔政府的猛烈抨击，他们对播出该节目的决定感到愤怒。然而，《卫报》的一篇社论为该节目辩护说，任何看过该节目的人都“比以前更了解爱尔兰问题的性质。政府对同情共和党的报道感到愤怒，1985年，撒切尔首相谴责媒体为共和党运动提供了“宣传的氧气”。然而，《全景》杂志编辑罗杰·博尔顿争辩说，在经历了十年的暴力之后，英国公众有必要了解情况，“这意味着要与