"Starving but wonderfully attractive": Representations of the Peasant in Irish Literature from 1890 to 1950

在1905年访问了马约郡的西海岸之后，J.M.辛格写道，当地居民“挨饿，但非常有吸引力”，远离了城市现代主义的“双下巴粗俗”。农民的审美价值和他们的物质匮乏之间的并列构成了世纪早期爱尔兰文学中至关重要的张力。我的论文将展示，从1890年到1950年，“农民”是如何象征性地成为新兴民族国家文化话语的中心。无论是指拥有土地的农民、无地的劳动者、流浪者和流浪者，还是移民工人，农民始终被动员起来，作为一个“本质”爱尔兰人的形象，通过这种形象，一种替代形式的国家地位可以在广泛的文学文本中想象和表达。然而，农民的文学化身瓦解了欠发达、贫困和激进社会动荡的复杂现实。一些作家，如W. B。叶芝和夫人奥古斯塔格雷戈里，选择构建农民作为爱尔兰社会的伪阶层，这个博士将试图理解和划分各种和不断变化的社会等级封装在农民的文学作品。此外，这些想象中的未来在意识形态上是多种多样的。农民不是作为一个基本的爱尔兰的具体象征，而是作为一个混合体出现，充满了不同的意识形态的时期。我的博士学位将研究如何在农民的不同表现中出现的连续性和不连续性，揭示了作者在巨大的政治动荡时期的意识形态差异。该项目将侧重于这一时期出现的三种不同的农民代表。首先，我的研究将考察爱尔兰文学复兴时期农民作为乌托邦形象的建构。通过对W. B.叶芝，奥古斯塔格雷戈里夫人，和J.M.辛格，我将证明农民的这种表现如何为扬升作家提供了机会，将封建贵族的过去重新配置为爱尔兰政治未来的乌托邦模式。其次，我将追溯农民的形象是如何出现在詹姆斯·乔伊斯和塞缪尔·贝克特的都市作品中的，考察两位作家是如何被迫解决和解构爱尔兰农民的文化神话的。最后，我将集中讨论“反复兴”作家，如弗兰奥布莱恩和帕特里克卡瓦纳。本节将探讨这些作家如何动员农民的数字作为一个网站的异议和抵抗爱尔兰自由邦的意识形态束缚。虽然许多评论家，如黛博拉·弗莱明和艾伦·吉利斯，研究了农村爱尔兰工人阶级和中产阶级的代表性，以及他们与这一时期某些作家的关系，但没有对农民以及特定的历史和意识形态力量进行实质性研究，这些力量塑造了爱尔兰作家在20世纪对农村工人阶级的迷恋。我相信，我的研究将弥补这种学术研究的不足，从各种批评的角度来审视一系列文学文本中无处不在的农民形象。我相信我的研究提供了一个重新思考爱尔兰现代主义的一些基本信念的机会。虽然爱尔兰现代主义通常被认为是一种城市或世界性的现象，特别是当乔伊斯和贝克特被讨论时，它是农村农民的形象，最清楚地揭示了这一时期动态的意识形态，政治和文化驱动力。通过考察文学代表的农民一起政治，社会学，和爱尔兰农村工人阶级的经济研究，我相信，这个边缘人物的博士长度的研究提供了一个重要的机会，重新评估爱尔兰现代主义的既定理解。

Following a visit to the western coast of County Mayo in 1905, J.M. Synge wrote that the local population were 'starving, but wonderfully attractive', removed from the 'double-chinned vulgarity' of urban modernism. The juxtaposition between the aesthetic value of the peasant, and their material deprivation constituted a vital tension in Irish literature during the early twentieth century. My thesis will show how, from 1890 to 1950, the 'peasant' was symbolically central to the cultural discourse of the emerging nation-state. Whether referring to land-owning farmers, landless laborers, vagrants and wanderers, or migrant workers, the peasant was consistently mobilised as a figure of 'essential' Irishness through which an alternative form of nationhood could be imagined and articulated in a broad array of literary texts. However, the literary avatar of the peasant collapsed a complex reality of underdevelopment, impoverishment, and radical social upheaval. Whilst some writers, such as W.B. Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory, chose to construct the peasantry as a pseudo-stratum of Irish society, this PhD will attempt to understand and demarcate the various and shifting social gradations encapsulated in literary depictions of the peasant. Furthermore, these imagined futures were ideologically varied and disparate. Rather than functioning as a concrete symbol of an essential Ireland, the peasant instead emerges as a hybrid figure imbued with the divergent ideologies of the period. My PhD will examine how the continuities and discontinuities that arise in different representations of the peasant disclose an author's ideological allegiances during a period of enormous political upheaval. The project will focus on three distinct representations of the peasant that arose during the period. Firstly, my research will examine the construction of the peasant as a utopian figure during the Irish Literary Revival. By examining the works of W.B. Yeats, Lady Augusta Gregory, and J.M. Synge, I will demonstrate how this representation of the peasant offered Ascendancy writers the opportunity to reconfigure the feudal, aristocratic past as a utopian model of Ireland's political future. Secondly, I will trace how the figure of the peasant haunts the otherwise urban, metropolitan works of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett, examining how both writers are compelled to address and deconstruct the cultural myth of the Irish peasant. Finally, I will focus on writers of the "Counter-Revival", such as Flann O'Brien and Patrick Kavanagh. This section will examine how these writers mobilised the figure of the peasant as a site of dissent and resistance to the ideological strictures of the Irish Free State. Whilst numerous critics, such as Deborah Fleming and Alan Gillis, have examined representations of the rural Irish working and middle classes, and their relation to certain authors during the period, there is no substantial study on the peasant and the specific historical and ideological forces that shaped Irish writers' fascination with the rural working class during the twentieth century. I believe that my research will remedy this lack of scholarship, examining the ubiquitous figure of the peasant in a range of literary texts and from a variety of critical perspectives. I believe my research offers the opportunity to reconsider some of the fundamental beliefs about Irish modernism. Whilst Irish modernism is often considered an urban or cosmopolitan phenomenon, particularly when Joyce and Beckett are discussed, it is the figure of the rural peasant which most clearly reveals the dynamic ideological, political, and cultural drives at play during the period. By examining literary representations of the peasant alongside political, sociological, and economic studies of the Irish rural working class, I believe that a doctoral-length study of this peripheral figure offers a vital opportunity to reassess established understandings of Irish modernism.