High-Field Superconductors under Strain that Enable Tokamaks for Fusion Power Generation (Experimental PhD).

应变下的高场超导体使托卡马克能够用于聚变发电（实验博士）。

• 批准号: 2600296
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Durham University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2600296
• 关键词: Field; Superconductors; under; Strain; Enable

Background to the PhD Research Project: The ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) Tokomak that is being built in Cadarache in France is one of the most exciting scientific projects at the beginning of the 21st century (http://www.iter.org/). It will produce 500 MW which is about ten times the power needed to run the machine. Superconductivity is the enabling technology for this project since without it, the magnets that hold the plasma would either melt or consume more energy than the tokamak produces. Approximately one third of the cost of ITER comes from the superconducting magnets which use low temperature superconductors. Recent work has demonstrated that the next generation of fusion tokamaks may be most effective at higher fields than ITER - more than ~ 16 Tesla - which opens the question of whether we can develop high-temperature superconductors, that have higher current densities and upper critical fields, to enable commercial fusion energy http://www.superpower-inc.com/content/2g-hts-wire. The current density in these high temperature superconductors is still typically less than 1 % of the theoretical limit in high magnetic fields and there is no agreement about why it is so pitifully low. In Durham, we have developed purpose-built facilities to make transport critical current density JC(B,T,) measurements as a function of magnetic field (B), temperature (T) and strain on 2G tapes. This PhD is directed at measuring the best available conductors, using our state-of-the-art horizontal Helmholtz-like 15 Tesla magnet system in Durham, as well as using the magnets at the International high-field facilities in Grenoble. The timescale for first-plasma at ITER (2025) offers a wonderful opportunity for early career Physicists to help pioneer our understanding of high field superconducting materials for fusion applications. PhD Research Project and Supervision: In this PhD research programme, the student will measure both the fundamental and extrinsic properties of superconducting materials including the critical current density JC(B),T,). Important research questions include: What is the mechanism that determines the critical current in high magnetic fields of high temperature superconductors? How can we optimise HTS materials to enable commercial fusion energy ? What is the role of anisotropy/reduced dimensionality in these materials? Why is the critical current density in state-of-the-art materials 2 or 3 orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical limit in high magnetic fields? Can we understand the nature of flux pinning and flux flow in high Jc materials under strain ? This is a fabulous PhD project that is ideal for a student with a first class degree in Physics and a broad interest in materials and applied Physics. They will be expected to network with scientists throughout the world working on fusion. The PhD supervisory team will include Prof. Damian Hampshire who is an experienced member of the high-field applied superconductivity and fusion energy community. The 4 year PhD is funded through the Fusion CDT partnership which gives an excellent exposure to many of the best Universities in the UK, an excellent taught course in fusion energy and exposure to the fusion community across Europe. The PhD is formally based at Durham for access to high magnetic fields and cryogenic facilities, but the training in the fusion CDT means you spend about 6-8 months during the first year of your PhD at CDT partner Universities and will include regular visits to CCFE. It will also probably involve working in an International laboratory (usually the USA, Japan or EU) for at least one collaborative project in the 2nd or 3rd year. The Research Groups are committed to developing an environment that produces world-class science and is inclusive, flexible and family-friendly.

博士研究项目背景： 正在法国卡达拉切建造的 ITER（国际热核实验反应堆）托科马克是 21 世纪初最令人兴奋的科学项目之一 (http://www.iter.org/)。它将产生 500 兆瓦的电力，大约是机器运行所需电力的十倍。超导是该项目的支持技术，因为如果没有超导，保持等离子体的磁体就会熔化或消耗比托卡马克产生的更多的能量。 ITER成本的大约三分之一来自使用低温超导体的超导磁体。最近的工作表明，下一代聚变托卡马克可能在比 ITER 更高的场（超过约 16 特斯拉）上最有效，这提出了一个问题：我们是否可以开发具有更高电流密度和上临界场的高温超导体，以实现商业聚变能源 http://www.superpower-inc.com/content/2g-hts-wire。这些高温超导体中的电流密度通常仍然低于高磁场中理论极限的 1%，并且对于为什么它如此低得可怜，目前还没有达成一致。在达勒姆，我们开发了专用设施，用于对 2G 磁带上的传输临界电流密度 JC(B,T,) 进行测量，作为磁场 (B)、温度 (T) 和应变的函数。该博士学位旨在使用我们位于达勒姆的最先进的水平类亥姆霍兹 15 特斯拉磁体系统以及使用位于格勒诺布尔的国际高场设施的磁体来测量最佳可用导体。 ITER（2025）第一等离子体的时间表为早期职业物理学家提供了一个绝佳的机会，帮助我们开拓对聚变应用高场超导材料的理解。博士研究项目和指导：在这个博士研究项目中，学生将测量超导材料的基本和外在特性，包括临界电流密度 JC(B),T,)。重要的研究问题包括：决定高温超导体强磁场中临界电流的机制是什么？我们如何优化高温超导材料以实现商业聚变能源？这些材料中各向异性/降维的作用是什么？为什么最先进材料的临界电流密度比强磁场中的理论极限低 2 或 3 个数量级？我们能否理解高 Jc 材料在应变下磁通钉扎和磁通流动的本质？这是一个非常棒的博士项目，对于拥有一流物理学学位并对材料和应用物理学有广泛兴趣的学生来说是理想的选择。他们预计将与世界各地从事核聚变研究的科学家建立联系。博士生导师团队将包括 Damian Hampshire 教授，他是高场应用超导和聚变能源领域经验丰富的成员。为期 4 年的博士课程由 Fusion CDT 合作伙伴资助，该合作伙伴提供了接触英国许多最好的大学的机会、优秀的聚变能源教学课程以及接触整个欧洲聚变社区的机会。博士学位正式在达勒姆进行，以便使用高磁场和低温设施，但聚变 CDT 培训意味着您在 CDT 合作大学攻读博士学位的第一年要花大约 6-8 个月的时间，并且将包括定期访问 CCFE。它还可能涉及在第二年或第三年在国际实验室（通常是美国、日本或欧盟）至少完成一个合作项目。研究小组致力于创造一个能够产生世界一流科学成果、具有包容性、灵活且适合家庭的环境。