Core--Particle Exposure Characterization

暴露核心将负责对计划项目所有项目的所有空气污染物暴露进行评估。将按照三级方法对每个项目的空气污染物暴露进行评估，以确定区域、社区和住宅环境颗粒物污染的特征。在第一级，位于马萨诸塞州波士顿沙塔克街10号Countway图书馆屋顶的中央固定环境监测(SAM)站点将连续表征PM2.5及其主要成分和其他重要颗粒物指标的区域环境浓度。在这个地点，将连续测量环境中PM2.5、PM10、黑碳(BC)、硫酸盐(SO4[2-])、硝酸盐(NO3-)、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的浓度，以及颗粒物计数(PC)。还将收集每天24小时(上午9-9点)集成的PM2.5样本，并对收集的样本进行PM2.5、BC(通过反射率)和元素的分析 (由XRF提供)。通过在10个社区监测站对环境PM2.5和BC浓度的连续测量，将在第二层评估波士顿大都市内本地产生的颗粒物浓度的空间变化。使用特定于住宅的室外交通相关颗粒物浓度，将在Tier 3捕获本地生成的颗粒物的更精细的空间尺度变化，这将使用中央和社区站点和国家监测网络污染测量和基于地理信息系统的空间模型来估计。在我们的小组研究中，还将直接测量每个研究参与者的暴露水平。在每次健康测量之前，每个研究参与者的个人PM2.5暴露将被连续测量24小时。相应的24小时个人PM2.5、SO4[2-]和BC综合暴露 还将为每个参与者进行测量。个人测量将包括个人PM2.5、BC和颗粒物计数暴露，参与者将在乘坐柴油动力公交车进行实地旅行时连续测量这些数据。Exposure Core是计划项目的核心。它不仅将提供所有环境和个人暴露测量，而且还将提供大气科学、环境和分析化学、气溶胶工程和暴露评估方面的专业知识。这项专门知识将用于确定粒子暴露的来源和类型，并提供暴露评估框架。 这将有助于解释作为PPG的一部分收集的暴露和健康影响数据并将其联系起来。

The Exposure Core will be responsible for the assessment of all air pollutant exposures for all Projects of the Program Project. Air pollutant exposures will be assessed for each project following a three-tiered approach to characterize regional, community, and residential ambient particulate pollution. In the first tier, regional ambient concentrations will be characterized continuously for PM2.5, its major components, and other important particulate measures at a central stationary ambient monitoring (SAM) site located on the roof of Countway Library at 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA. At this site, ambient concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, black carbon (BC), sulfate (SO4[2-]), nitrate (NO3-), elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon, and particle counts (PC) will be measured continuously. Daily 24-h (9-9am) integrated PM2.5 samples will also be collected, with collected samples analyzed for PM2.5, BC (by reflectance), and elements (by XRF). Spatial variation in locally generated particle concentrations within metropolitan Boston will be assessed in Tier 2 using continuous measurements of ambient PM2.5 and BC concentrations at ten community monitoring stations. Finer spatial scale variation in locally generated particles will be captured in Tier 3 using residence-specific outdoor concentrations of traffic-related particles, which will be estimated using central and community site and State monitoring network pollution measurements and GIS-based spatial models. In our panel studies, exposures will also be measured directly for each study participant. Personal PM2.5 exposures will be measured continuously for each study participant for 24-h prior to each health measurement. Corresponding 24-h integrated personal PM2.5, SO4[2-] and BC exposures will also be measured for each participant. Personal measurements will include personal PM2.5, BC and particle count exposures, which will be measured continuously for participants as they travel on field trips aboard a diesel-powered bus. The Exposure Core is central to the Program Project. Not only will it provide all ambient and personal exposure measurements, but it will also provide expertise in atmospheric sciences, environmental and analytical chemistry, aerosol engineering and exposure assessment. This expertise will be used to characterize the sources and types of particle exposures and to provide an exposure assessment framework that will help to interpret and relate exposure and health effects data collected as part of this PPG.