Spaces of informal militarism: Analysing violence, resistance, and militarism in contemporary India

本研究有两个目的：（1）使用军国主义作为一个概念透镜，研究当代暴力在印度和（2）发展一个省的框架，在印度的非正式军国主义。本研究探讨了印度人民党（BJP）统治下的非正式化和对军国主义的抵制。它以正在进行的反对2019年《公民身份修正案》（CAA）的抗议运动为案例研究来分析这一趋势。有争议的CAA与针对边缘化人口，特别是穆斯林的暴力行为的增加有关，并引发了日益军事化的抵抗和反抵抗运动。然而，现有的军国主义框架，其中大部分是在一套狭隘的“西方”背景下发展起来的，并不能有效地确定这种基本上不受管制和非正式的军国主义的全部范围。这些框架来自西方的安全和军事概念，并以西方的社会政治结构为基础，这限制了它们在后西方背景下的应用（罗德里格斯，2018）。本研究采用后殖民主义和女权主义的方法，在印度的背景下，侧重于德里和加尔各答的军国主义和抵抗。它采用了丰富的定性方法，包括参与式观察，焦点小组和社交媒体分析，以了解军国主义及其在印度的抵抗的空间，物质和话语影响。它借鉴并促进了批判性军事研究，批判性安全研究和女权主义地缘政治学，将这些工作机构聚集在一个重要但未充分探索的背景下。考虑到全球军事化政治暴力的扩散，这项研究是及时的。

This research has two objectives: (1) To use militarism as a conceptual lens to study contemporary violence in India and (2) To develop a provincialized framework for informal militarism in India. This research explores the informalisation of and resistance to militarism in India under the rule of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It uses the ongoing protest movement against the 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) as a case study to analyse this trend. The controversial CAA has been associated with a rise in violence against marginalised populations, especially Muslims, and has given rise to increasingly militarised resistance and counter-resistance movements. However, existing frameworks of militarism, most of which are developed in a narrow set of 'western' contexts are not effective in identifying the full scope of this largely unregulated and informal militarism. These frameworks are drawn from western conceptions of security and military and are based in western socio-political structures, which limits their application in postwestern contexts (Rodriguez, 2018). This research adopts postcolonial and feminist approaches to contextualise militarism and resistance to militarism in the Indian context, focusing on Delhi and Kolkata. It employs rich qualitative methods including participatory observation, focus groups and social media analysis to understand the spatial, material, and discursive impacts of militarism and its resistance in India. It draws from and contributes to critical military studies, critical security studies and feminist geopolitics, bringing these bodies of work together in an important yet underexplored context. The research is timely considering the proliferation of militarised political violence globally.