How do birds stand up? A comparative biomechanical analysis

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Animals not only need to walk and run but also lie prone to rest, and then stand up,involving near-maximal excursions of limb joints. This vital behaviour is little-studiedoutside of humans, but is a likely biomechanical constraint on limb design because itshould require large length changes and force production from muscles, along withpossibly high bone stresses. This project would augment existing experimental data,for 5 bird species from small to large size, with computer simulations and tissuematerial testing in order to test if larger birds experience greater constraints on theability to stand up.