Cybercrime as a Service

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My PhD project aims to investigate Cybercrime as a Service. Cybercrime as a Service (CaaS) refers to an economic model where a technically skilled actor offers a tool kit as a packaged service with easy access to tools and programming frameworks which provide all of the services a less experienced bad actor needs to carry out a successful cyberattack. CaaS is pushing cybercriminal organisations to be more agile and structured not unlike an IT company with multiple roles in order to maximise the profit and increase the reach of services. There are multiple cyberattack services offered within the model, which can span from very targeted attacks, such as Hacking as a Service and Distributed Denial of Service as a service to Ransomware and Data as a Service. However, there is no one list of services the literature uses and the services studied in the literature differ from author to author. The main questions I would like to answer during my PhD are what are: (i) What services are the most commonly offered and successful within the CaaS ecosystem?(ii) How CaaS may develop in the future?(iii) What are the key characteristics of individual marketing advertisements in marketplaces where CaaS is advertised?All these three questions will help inform decision-makers on how best to detect and counter the growing threat of CaaS.So far, I have conducted an extensive literature review on the topic as well as a Systematic literature review of CaaS. This review thematically analysed 135 articles from both academic and grey literature with a view of investigating the services articles studied, the methodological approach the how the CaaS model is predicted to develop in the future. The review indicates that further commercialisation of the model will further lower the barrier of entry to the cybercrime realm, increase the sophistication of the attacks and increase the resilience of the service providers and their ecosystem which will result in harder shutdowns of services by the authorities. Furthermore, as the model becomes more accessible, groups such as organised crime groups, state and non-state actors may use them as well, which may have implications for criminal activity in both cyber and physical domains.My next steps within the PhD programme are to further investigate Cybercrime as a Service from the perspective of news reports. This will include an investigation of cybersecurity news to see what services are reported there and what trends can be noticed in these reports. This will present a different side and different stakeholders that are also concerned with the problem of Cybercrime as a Service. As the CaaS ecosystem affects many sectors and indeed many different stakeholders, the lack of a more holistic picture of the problem was one that became evident during my systematic literature review. After the comparative study of the two projects, I would like to further explore CaaS "in the wild" which will include dark web forum data analysis, later on during my PhD. By mixed method analysis techniques such as natural language processing of the market and communication amongst the service providers and customers, and thematic or even netnographic study, key characteristics of individual marketing advertisements in marketplaces where CaaS is advertised may be studied.