A 'Culture of the Displaced'? The interactions of displaced populations in identity and politics in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world

我的博士研究古典和希腊化希腊世界（大约公元前500-100年）的人口流离失所和难民危机。具体来说，它重新评估了被驱逐的人口如何创造出一种新的、以前未被注意到的“流离失所的身份”，并在政治谈判中广泛使用它。我的研究问题是询问完全驱逐对城市人口的影响：流离失所的共同经历如何影响流离失所者的身份？这种认同有多普遍？它是如何与其他身份互动的？它为流离失所的社区提供了什么政治杠杆？这将如何重新定位我们对历史事件和趋势的解释？这项研究的意义是重大的：它在希腊历史上发现了一种新的身份和政治话语，探索了其广泛的表现形式，并通过现代难民研究的视角，为未被充分研究的底层历史行动者提供了代理。尽管研究相对较少，但人口迁移在古希腊世界是一个非常普遍的现象：我的数据库收集了古典时代至少112个这样的城市。以前的学术研究通常侧重于精英和那些对流离失所负有责任的人提供的证据。然而，我的哲学硕士研究揭示了我们可以使用其他证据的方法，特别是碑文和考古学，来挖掘流离失所者的语言声音，并从他们的角度重构他们的行为。我将把这种新方法应用到古典时期和希腊化时期，创造一种新的现象特征，并通过它重新评估希腊历史。我将把我的项目分成三部分。首先，我将采取一个整体的方法，定量分析所有现存的证据，在古典和希腊化希腊世界的人口迁移。在将这些数据收集到各种数据库中之后，我将把这个数据集发展成两个介绍性章节（一个是古典的，一个是希腊的），以澄清可以（和不可以）进行哪些分析，并提供一个总体的位移类型。这种情境化为我的第二种方法提供了框架：研究那些流离失所者的观点和行动最明显的案例。这种方法将从最主流的角度切入这种“流离失所的身份”，确定其构成方面，并研究究竟是什么使这种身份在政治话语中获得牵引力。我将特别关注被多次驱逐的人群。在古典世界中至少有23个案例，这些反复的经历最好地提炼了身份的代际发展，与其他身份的互动，以及在不同环境下的核心“有意”重塑。在定义了他们的身份之后，我将通过研究和比较因不同类型的驱逐而流离失所的人的政治行为，来捕捉这种“流离失所的身份”的广泛社会应用和政治效用。富有成效的例子包括比较来自帝国协调的同义词的证据，比较遣返与重新安置，考虑部分人口流离失所，以及流离失所的城市变成流离失所者的案例。不同的人以矛盾的方式使用这种流离失所的话语，揭示了一个多方面的政治工具。因此，我的研究探讨了流离失所的经历如何影响流离失所者的身份，以及这些围绕着流离失所而重塑的新身份如何在他们的政治谈判中提供独特的杠杆作用。这项专题研究借鉴了现代难民研究（尤其是“难民营”），为重新评估下层特遣队的角色及其在希腊社会中的重要性打开了新的大门。因此，这种跨学科的方法将对这一未被充分研究的现象产生严格的特征，同时也重新评估古希腊历史，并有助于重新思考今天的历史

My DPhil studies population displacements and refugee crises in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world (roughly 500-100 B.C.). Specifically, it reappraises how expelled populations crafted a new, previously unnoticed 'displaced identity' and used it widely in their political negotiations. My research questions interrogate the implications of total expulsion on a city's population: how did the shared experience of dislocation affect the identities of displaced peoples? How widespread was this identity; how did it interact with other identities? What political leverage did it provide displaced communities? How does this re-orient our interpretation of historical events and trends?The implications of this research are significant: it detects a new identity and political discourse in Greek history, explores its wide-ranging manifestations, and gives agency to understudied subaltern historical actors through the lens of modern refugee studies.Although studied relatively sparsely, population displacements were a remarkably common occurrence in the ancient Greek world: my database has gathered at least 112 such cities in the Classical age. Previous scholarship has often focused on evidence produced by the elite and those responsible for displacement. However, my MPhil research has revealed the ways we can use other evidence, especially epigraphy and archaeology, to excavate the emic voices of the displaced, and reconstruct their actions from their perspectives.I will apply this new approach to the Classical and Hellenistic periods, to create a new characterisation of this phenomenon and re-evaluate Greek history through it. I shall structure my project in three parts. First, I will take a holistic approach and quantitatively analyse all extant evidence for population displacements in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world. After gathering this data into assorted databases, I will develop this dataset into two introductory chapters (one Classical, one Hellenistic) to clarify what analyses can (and cannot) be drawn, and provide an overarching typology of displacement.This contextualisation provides the framework for my second approach: studying cases where the perspectives and actions of the displaced are most visible. This approach will zero into this 'displaced identity' from the most emic perspective, identify its constituent aspects, and examine what precisely enabled this identity to gain traction as a discourse in politics. In particular, I will focus on populations that were expelled multiple times. Amounting to at least twenty-three cases in the Classical world, these reiterated experiences best distil the identity's development across generations, interaction with other identities, and core 'intentional' remodellings in diverse settings.Having defined their identity, I shall capture the vast social applications and political utility of this 'displaced identity' by studying and comparing the political actions of people dislocated by different types of expulsion. Fruitful examples include comparing evidence from imperially-coordinated synoikisms, comparing repatriations to relocations, considering partial population displacements, and cases where displaced cities turn into displacers. Different people used this discourse of displacement in contradictory ways, revealing a multifaceted political tool.My research thus probes how the experience of displacement affected the identities of displaced peoples, and how these new identities, remoulded around dislocation, provided unique leverage in their political negotiations. This topical research, which draws on modern refugee studies (especially 'campzenship'), opens new doors into reappraising the roles of subaltern contingents and their importance in Greek society. This interdisciplinary approach will thus produce a rigorous characterisation of this understudied phenomenon, while also re-evaluating ancient Greek history and helping to rethink today's