The Cultural Emergence And Social Construction Of Self-Harm In The 1990's

自残（故意的、间歇性的自残，在文献中也被称为非自杀式自残）是国际公认的主要公共卫生问题，也是英国住院的最常见原因之一（克莱门茨，2016）。虽然这是心理健康专业人士广泛关注的一个问题，但对其病因或适当的护理却几乎没有共识（Chandler et al., 2011）。流行文化和社交媒体对自残的描述引起了争议，似乎已经将一种孤立的做法变成了一种传染病（Arendt et al., 2019）。作为一种文化，我们已经形成了关于自残意味着什么，谁会自残，以及应该如何处理的特定观念。这项研究将批判性地参与这些观点，并将它们与它们的历史和社会政治起源重新联系起来，这样自残就可以更好地理解为一种集体的社会心理现象。尽管自残行为历史悠久，但直到20世纪90年代，自残才开始进入公众的普遍意识。在这十年中，英国的自残率显著上升：Hawton等人（2000,2003）记录了1985-1995年和1990-2000年期间英国自残率的显著上升。这一趋势一直持续到今天，一些研究描述了自我伤害率似乎永远在上升（Carr等人，2016；McManus等人，2019）。与此同时，在20世纪90年代，自残率开始上升，通过大众媒体的新表现形式，自残经历了一种突然的文化出现。在20世纪90年代，由于媒体对这种做法的描述增加，以及许多名人以“切割者”的身份“出来”，它从默默无闻到可见的转变加速了（Adler和Adler， 2011）。到了千禧年，自残已经在集体心理中根深蒂固，并进入了陷入困境的普通年轻人可以采取的行动领域。

Self-harm (deliberate, episodic self-wounding, also referred to in the literature as non-suicidal self-injury) is internationally recognised as a major public health problem and is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission in the UK (Clements, 2016). While a source of widespread concern in the mental health professions, there is little consensus about its aetiology or proper care (Chandler et al., 2011). Depictions of self-harm in popular culture and social media attract controversy and seem to have turned a solitary practice into a contagion (Arendt et al., 2019). As a culture we have developed particular ideas about what self-harm means, who practices it, and how it should be dealt. This research will critically engage with these ideas and reconnect them with their historical and socio-political origins, so that self-harm can be better understood as a collective psychosocial phenomenon.While the practice has a long history, self-harm only emerged into general public awareness during the 1990s. In this decade, rates of self-harm in the UK increased significantly: Hawton et al. (2000, 2003) documented marked increases in rates of self-harm in the UK during the periods 1985-1995 and 1990-2000. This trend has continued to the present day, with some studies describing a seemingly perpetual increase in self-harm rates (Carr et al., 2016; McManus et al., 2019). At the same time as rates began to rise in the 1990s, self-harm underwent a sudden cultural emergence via new representations in popular media. Its transition from obscurity to visibility in the 1990s was accelerated by an increase in depictions of the practice in media, and by the 'coming out' of many celebrities as 'cutters' (Adler and Adler, 2011). By the millennium, self-harm had cemented itself in the collective psyche and entered the sphere of available actions for the average young person in distress.