The Archaeology of Squatters' Settlements in Rural England, 1550-1750.

英格兰乡村擅自占地者定居点的考古学，1550-1750 年。

• 批准号: 2739775
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of York
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2739775
• 关键词: Archaeology; Squatters; Settlements; Rural; England

This thesis will combine the study of material and landscape evidence with archival and cartographic sources to examine the lives, landscapes, and legacy of the rural poor in England between c.1550-c.1750. In the aftermath of the Reformation- and for the remainder of the early-modern period- rural poverty and homelessness were major issues. They were ever present fears for the majority of the population, whilst also being perceived by the ruling elite as a threat to social stability. However, the experience of rural poverty is yet to be fully examined by archaeologists. By focusing on four counties (Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire) this project will move beyond previous research to produce the first in-depth archaeological study of rural poverty in England between c.1550-c.1750. ObjectivesTo identify where the poor were accommodated in the early-modern English landscape.To highlight the landscape evidence that exists for displaced people.To understand how commons and forests were used as a resource by the poor.To trace the development of squatter settlements and assess their legacy in the landscape today. Historians have charted the rise of the rural poor and landlessness over the early-modern period, noting the increasing concern about perceived threats to the social order, which has produced both 'top down' perspectives based on the reactions of the early state and 'bottom up' microhistories (e.g. Hindle 2004). However, the landscapes and materiality of the rural poor have thus far been neglected by archaeologists, despite advocating that historical archaeology can provide the 'voice of the voiceless'. Significantly, Johnson's (1996) seminal work on the transition to capitalism focuses exclusively on the 'middling sort' and fails to identify those who suffered and were displaced during the period of post-medieval transition. This project builds on my successful master's dissertation which examined squatters' settlements during the age of parliamentary enclosure in Wales. The study will use national data sets such as the HER, early enclosure plans, and estate and county maps to identify squatter settlements, common land and forest in the four focal counties: Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire. Archival records of the Court of Star Chamber, Quarter Sessions, Petty Sessions, Forest courts, and Chancery Decree Rolls will be used alongside local poor relief records to identify people, places, and chronologies of poverty, situating the sites within their historical context. An assessment of later maps (parliamentary enclosure, early OS and tithe maps) and aerial photography will inform targeted site visits to identify sites associated with squatters.This thesis will develop the first database of evidence for early-modern squatter settlements: a foundation for future work on England. In addition, it will lead to the development of a new methodology for recovering ephemeral historic settlements: an internationally significant step forward. The project will provide a new departure for the debate about rural poverty past and present, which is both politically and socially relevant, especially as land ownership and the agricultural economy are currently adjusting to new circumstances and political agendas. Finally, the thesis itself, and a number of conference contributions and academic peer-reviewed articles, will make a significant and original contribution to academic knowledge and British historical archaeology.

本论文将联合收割机的材料和景观证据的研究与档案和地图的来源，研究的生活，景观，并在英格兰农村穷人的遗产之间c.1550-c.1750。在宗教改革之后，以及现代早期的剩余时间里，农村贫困和无家可归是主要问题。他们一直是大多数人的恐惧，同时也被统治精英视为对社会稳定的威胁。然而，农村贫困的经历尚未得到考古学家的充分研究。通过集中在四个县（什罗普郡，北安普敦郡，萨里郡和白金汉郡），该项目将超越以往的研究，产生第一个深入的考古研究农村贫困之间的英格兰c.1550-c.1750。目的确定穷人在现代早期英国景观中的居住地，突出流离失所者的景观证据，了解穷人如何将公地和森林作为资源使用，追踪棚户区的发展，并评估其在今天景观中的遗产。历史学家已经绘制了早期现代时期农村贫困人口和无地人口的增加，注意到人们越来越关注对社会秩序的威胁，这产生了基于早期国家反应的“自上而下”的观点和“自下而上”的微观历史（例如Hindle 2004）。然而，尽管考古学家提倡历史考古学可以提供“无用之人的声音”，但迄今为止，农村贫困人口的景观和物质性一直被考古学家忽视。值得注意的是，约翰逊（1996）关于向资本主义过渡的开创性著作只关注“中产阶级”，而没有确定那些在后中世纪过渡时期遭受痛苦和流离失所的人。这个项目建立在我成功的硕士论文中，该论文研究了威尔士议会圈地时代的擅自占地者定居点。该研究将使用国家数据集，如HER，早期圈地计划，房地产和县地图，以确定四个重点县的棚户区，公共土地和森林：什罗普郡，北安普敦郡，萨里和白金汉郡。星星法庭、季度会议、小型会议、森林法庭和大法官法令卷的档案记录将与当地的扶贫记录一起使用，以确定贫困的人、地点和年表，将这些地点置于其历史背景中。后来的地图（议会外壳，早期OS和什一税地图）和航空摄影的评估将通知有针对性的网站访问，以确定与squabiters.This论文相关的网站将开发第一个数据库的证据早期现代的棚户区定居点：英格兰未来工作的基础。此外，这将导致制定一种新的方法来恢复短暂的历史住区：这是国际上向前迈出的重要一步。该项目将为关于过去和现在的农村贫穷问题的辩论提供一个新的起点，这在政治和社会上都具有重要意义，特别是因为土地所有权和农业经济目前正在适应新的情况和政治议程。最后，论文本身，以及一些会议的贡献和学术同行评议的文章，将作出重大和原创性的贡献，学术知识和英国历史考古学。