Smart Doorbell Surveillance: How can legitimate surveillance protect the right of citizens to privacy?

摘要本研究探讨了与监视系统相关的重大伦理和社会挑战，特别是那些利用大数据分析和人工智能(AI)用于监视目的的挑战。它关注以监控为中心的未来的潜力，包括广泛的数据收集，对其进行处理以发现模式，并根据这些模式控制和操纵人们的行为。这项研究的主要论点是，合法的监控可能成为社会控制，对民主原则产生影响，并在社会中产生社会经济不平等。背景为了监控目的，部署智能视频门铃正变得越来越普遍。这些技术的激增引发了对隐私的担忧，因为这些设备可能会建立一个“全面的监控网络”，使得人们无法在不担心被跟踪的情况下在他们的社区和社区自由移动和说话(沃尔什，2022)。智能门铃技术收集人们日常互动数据的能力，以及处理个人数据以个性化和描述个人的固有潜力，都增加了个人信息被滥用的可能性，无论是无意还是故意的。所有这些意想不到的后果都是非常不受欢迎的(Beckwith 2003)。研究问题本项目提出的中心问题是：出于安全和安保目的的合法监控如何也保护公民的隐私权？随后提出的问题是：合法监控何时成为对民主原则的影响的社会控制？未来的监控技术将对社会和个人产生什么影响？目的和目标本研究的主要目的是：(1)确定为监控目的采用智能视频门铃的关键因素；和(2)探索智能门铃定义我们的可能性，破坏我们的隐私，并划分我们的自由，作为一种方式来告知决策者、决策者、利益相关者和行业这些可能性的危险。目标包括构建和分析一组描述各种可能的未来的预测情景，无论它们可能是多么可取的，并强调智能门铃监控技术对隐私和安全构成的风险。解决智能门铃引发的隐私问题需要多学科的策略。因此，本研究采用了Swami(“环境智能世界中的保障措施”)情景方法论(Wright et al.，2008)，开发情景故事的过程包括文献综述、专家和内部研讨会、智能门铃技术的技术和现实检验。斯瓦米的跨学科方法融合了计算机科学、法律和伦理学等多个领域的各个方面。这一框架的目标是通过提供一种机制，向政策制定者、项目经理、规划者和其他利益攸关方，包括行业部门的利益攸关方通报情景中概述的可能性和危险，从而处理和减轻潜在的道德和技术风险。

SummaryThis research explores significant ethical and societal challenges associated with surveillance systems, particularly those that draw upon big data analytics and the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for surveillance purposes. It focuses on the potentialities of a surveillance-centred future that involves extensive data collection, processing it to discover patterns, and acting upon such patterns to control and manipulate people's behaviour.The main argument of this research is that legitimate surveillance may become societal control with implications for democratic principles and generate socioeconomic inequality in society.BackgroundThe deployment of smart video doorbells for surveillance purposes is becoming an increasingly widespread practice. The proliferation of these technologies raises privacy concerns, owing to the potential for these devices to establish a "sweeping surveillance nexus," making it impossible for people to move and speak freely around their neighbourhoods and communities without the fear of being tracked (Walsh, 2022).The capacity of smart doorbell technology to collect data on people's everyday interactions, as well as the inherent potential of processing personal data to personalise and profile individuals, both increase the likelihood of personal information being misused, whether unintentionally or deliberately. All of these unintended consequences are highly undesirable (Beckwith 2003).Research questionsThe central question that this project asks is: How can legitimate surveillance for the purposes of safety and security also protect the rights of citizens to privacy?Questions that are then consequently asked are:When does legitimate surveillance become societal control with implications for democratic principles?What impact will future surveillance technologies have on society and individuals?Aims and ObjectivesThe primary goal of this research is to: (1) identify critical factors of deploying smart video doorbells for surveillance purposes; and (2) explore the potential for smart doorbells to define us, undermine our privacy, and demarcate our freedom as a way to inform policy-makers, decision-makers, stakeholders, and the industry of the dangers of these possibilities.The objectives include constructing and analysing a set of forecasting scenarios that depict a variety of possible futures, irrespective of how desirable they might be, and highlighting the risks to privacy and security posed by smart doorbell surveillance technology.MethodologyDue to the fact that "privacy and ethics are person-dependent, culture-dependent, and situation-dependent" (Wright et al., 2005, p. 122), addressing the privacy concerns raised by smart doorbells requires a multi-disciplinary strategy. Therefore, the research adopts the SWAMI ("Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence") scenario methodology (Wright et al., 2008).The process of developing scenario stories includes literature review, expert and internal workshops, "technology and reality check" of the smart doorbell technology. The SWAMI interdisciplinary approach incorporates aspects of a variety of fields, such as computer science, law, and ethics. This framework has the objective of addressing and mitigating potential ethical and technological risks by offering a mechanism to inform policy-makers, project managers, planners, and other stakeholders, including those in the industry sector, of the possibilities and dangers outlined in the scenarios.