Interaction of bacteria with cellular and hard surfaces

口腔疾病，如牙龈炎、牙周炎和龋齿是口腔的感染性疾病，其中口腔生物膜起致病作用。虽然，牙龈护理和抗菌技术可以结合在牙膏或漱口水中，以改善消费者的健康和福祉，但很少有技术通过物理手段防止细菌粘附，从而阻止初始生物膜并减缓细菌定植。个人护理和家庭护理产品的卫生是一项重要的消费者利益，也是控制家庭环境中传染病传播的关键。Curran和Patterson已经成功地使用焦散线来跟踪和测量合成和金属纳米颗粒在不同生理相关温度条件和纳米颗粒浓度下在生物相关溶液阵列中的运动，这些纳米颗粒小至3 nm（Patterson and Whelan 2008，Coglitore 2017 and Giorgi 2019）。该项目的目的是使用苛性方法来转化无标签跟踪技术，以支持临床前体外测试系统的开发，该系统可以检测和量化细菌的粘附并评估抗菌剂的有效性。还将有机会使用该技术来检查抗微生物剂和新型涂层对硬表面和洗衣处理的影响，并验证该技术对细菌（通过腐蚀剂证明是可见的），病毒和细菌孢子的影响。该提案和基础科学与BBSRC的变革性技术，生物科学的研究重点相一致，以综合了解健康和对抗抗菌素耐药性，而由此产生的实验模型将与3R，替代，改进和减少使用动物的研究相一致。细菌是单细胞、原核、普遍存在的生物体，它们对维持我们生活的环境至关重要，并且可以导致生物膜的形成，这是许多传染病的原因。细菌通过提供运动性的结构或通过随机的布朗运动被运输到表面，布朗运动由周围流体中的静电和货车范德华相互作用控制。在表面上，细菌的粘附引发生物膜的形成-细菌及其胞外聚合物（EPS）的结构化的、自组织的群落。这些生态系统可以在暴露于外部环境的任何合成或生物表面/界面上生长，例如牙齿表面，皮肤，厨房台面和浴室表面。具体而言，口腔生物膜是导致一些最广泛的感染-龋齿，牙龈炎和牙周炎[1]的原因，因为牙齿，假牙和牙科植入物的表面非常容易形成生物膜。这些疾病的严重病例可能导致更严重的健康并发症，如骨丢失或植入失败。开发真实的无时间标签的成本效益跟踪技术，可以验证和量化合成和生物微和纳米实体的扩散及其粘附和/或感染表面的能力，是开发下一代抗微生物疗法和表面的关键工具。这些技术将允许调查在溶液中和在表面上的接触点处的抗微生物效率。一些研究已经尝试使用单颗粒追踪技术（例如荧光显微镜，其是迄今为止最常见的单颗粒追踪技术）来追踪细菌动力学。这种方法需要将荧光标记附着到被跟踪的颗粒或生物体上。荧光标记暴露于激发光可导致标记分解，导致光漂白和光毒性，

Oral diseases, such as gingivitis, periodontitis and caries are infectious diseases of the oral cavity in which oral biofilms play a causative role. Although, gum care and anti-bacterial technologies can be incorporated in toothpaste or mouthwash to improve the health and well-being of consumers, there are few technologies that work by preventing the adhesion of bacteria by physical means and thereby blocking initial biofilms and slow bacterial colonisation. Hygiene from personal care and home care products is a vital consumer benefit and is key to control transmission of communicable diseases in a home setting. Methods to measure microbial control, kill efficacy and survival in these niches are essential tools.Caustics has successfully been used by Curran and Patterson to track and characterise the movement of synthetic and metallic nanoparticles as small as 3nm in an array of biologically relevant solutions under varying physiologically relevant temperature conditions and nanoparticle concentrations (Patterson and Whelan 2008,Coglitore 2017 and Giorgi 2019). OBJECTIVES:The aim of this project is to use caustic methodology to translate label-free tracking technology to support the development of pre-clinical in vitro testing systems that can characterise and quantify the adherence of bacteria and assess the effectiveness of anti-microbials. There will also be opportunity to use the technology to examine the effect of antimicrobials and novel coatings on hard surfaces and laundry treatments and to validate the technique against phages (proven to be visible via caustics), viruses and bacterial spores. The proposal , and underlying science align with the BBSRC research priorities of transformative technologies, bioscience for an integrated understanding of health and combatting antimicrobial resistance, whilst the resultant experimental models will align with 3Rs, replacement, refinement and reduction in research using animals. Bacteria are single-cell, prokaryotic, ubiquitous organisms that are both vital for maintaining the environment in which we live and can lead to the formation of biofilm which is the cause of many infectious diseases. Bacteria are transported to a surface either by structures that provide motility or by random, Brownian motion, governed by electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions in the surrounding fluid. At a surface, adhesion of a bacterium initiates the formation of a biofilm - a structured, self-organised community of bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These ecosystems can grow on any synthetic or biological surface/interface exposed to external environments such as the surface of teeth, skin, kitchen countertops and bathroom surfaces. Specifically, oral biofilms are responsible for some of the most widespread infections - caries, gingivitis and periodontitis [1], as the surfaces of teeth, dentures and dental implants are highly susceptible to biofilm formation. Severe cases of these diseases can lead to more serious health complications such as bone loss or implant failure.Developing real time label free cost-effective tracking technologies that can characterise and quantify the diffusion of synthetic and biological micro and nano-entities and their ability to adhere and/or infect a surface is a key tool in developing the next generation of anti-microbial therapies and surfaces. These technologies will allow investigations into anti-microbial efficiency both in solution and at the point of contact on a surface. Several studies have attempted to track bacterial dynamics using single particle tacking techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, which is by far the most common single particle tracking technique. This approach requires a fluorescent label to be attached to the particle or organism being tracked. The exposure of the fluorescent label to the excitation light can cause the label to break down leading to photobleaching and phototoxicity,