Interaction of bacteria with cellular and hard surfaces

口腔疾病，如牙龈炎、牙周炎和龋病，是口腔的传染病，口腔生物膜在其中起着致病作用。虽然可以在牙膏或漱口水中加入牙床护理和抗菌技术，以改善消费者的健康和福祉，但很少有技术通过物理手段防止细菌粘连，从而阻止初始生物膜和缓慢的细菌定植。个人护理和家庭护理产品的卫生是消费者的一项重要利益，也是控制传染病在家庭环境中传播的关键。测量微生物控制、杀灭效率和在这些利基中存活的方法是必不可少的工具。Curran和Patterson已经成功地使用Caustics来跟踪和表征在不同生理相关温度条件和纳米颗粒浓度下合成的和小至3 nm的金属纳米颗粒在一系列生物相关溶液中的移动(Patterson和Whelan 2008，Coglitore 2017和Giorgi 2019)。目的：本项目的目的是使用焦散方法转化无标记跟踪技术，以支持临床前体外测试系统的开发，该系统可以表征和量化细菌的粘附性，并评估抗微生物药物的有效性。还将有机会使用这项技术来检查硬质表面和衣物处理上的抗菌剂和新型涂层的效果，并验证该技术对噬菌体(已被证明通过焦散可见)、病毒和细菌孢子的作用。该提案和基础科学与BBSRC的变革性技术、生物科学等研究优先事项保持一致，以综合了解健康和对抗抗菌素耐药性，同时产生的实验模型将与3R、替代、改进和减少使用动物的研究相一致。细菌是一种单细胞、原核生物、无处不在的生物体，对维持我们生活的环境至关重要，而且可以导致生物膜的形成，而生物膜是许多传染病的原因。细菌通过提供运动性的结构或由周围流体中的静电和范德华相互作用控制的随机布朗运动传输到表面。在表面，细菌的黏附启动了生物膜的形成--细菌及其胞外聚合物(EPS)的有序、自组织的群落。这些生态系统可以生长在暴露在外部环境中的任何合成或生物表面/界面上，如牙齿、皮肤、厨房台面和浴室表面。具体地说，口腔生物膜是一些最普遍的感染--龋齿、牙周炎和牙周炎[1]的罪魁祸首，因为牙齿、假牙和牙科种植体的表面非常容易形成生物膜。这些疾病的严重病例可能会导致更严重的健康并发症，如骨丢失或种植失败。开发实时无标记、成本效益高的跟踪技术，可以表征和量化合成和生物微/纳米实体的扩散以及它们附着和/或感染表面的能力，是开发下一代抗微生物疗法和表面的关键工具。这些技术将允许研究在溶液中和表面接触点的抗微生物效率。一些研究试图使用单颗粒跟踪技术来跟踪细菌的动态，例如荧光显微镜，这是迄今为止最常见的单颗粒跟踪技术。这种方法需要在被跟踪的颗粒或有机体上贴上荧光标签。荧光标签暴露在激发光下会导致标签分解导致光漂白和光毒性，

Oral diseases, such as gingivitis, periodontitis and caries are infectious diseases of the oral cavity in which oral biofilms play a causative role. Although, gum care and anti-bacterial technologies can be incorporated in toothpaste or mouthwash to improve the health and well-being of consumers, there are few technologies that work by preventing the adhesion of bacteria by physical means and thereby blocking initial biofilms and slow bacterial colonisation. Hygiene from personal care and home care products is a vital consumer benefit and is key to control transmission of communicable diseases in a home setting. Methods to measure microbial control, kill efficacy and survival in these niches are essential tools.Caustics has successfully been used by Curran and Patterson to track and characterise the movement of synthetic and metallic nanoparticles as small as 3nm in an array of biologically relevant solutions under varying physiologically relevant temperature conditions and nanoparticle concentrations (Patterson and Whelan 2008,Coglitore 2017 and Giorgi 2019). OBJECTIVES:The aim of this project is to use caustic methodology to translate label-free tracking technology to support the development of pre-clinical in vitro testing systems that can characterise and quantify the adherence of bacteria and assess the effectiveness of anti-microbials. There will also be opportunity to use the technology to examine the effect of antimicrobials and novel coatings on hard surfaces and laundry treatments and to validate the technique against phages (proven to be visible via caustics), viruses and bacterial spores. The proposal , and underlying science align with the BBSRC research priorities of transformative technologies, bioscience for an integrated understanding of health and combatting antimicrobial resistance, whilst the resultant experimental models will align with 3Rs, replacement, refinement and reduction in research using animals. Bacteria are single-cell, prokaryotic, ubiquitous organisms that are both vital for maintaining the environment in which we live and can lead to the formation of biofilm which is the cause of many infectious diseases. Bacteria are transported to a surface either by structures that provide motility or by random, Brownian motion, governed by electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions in the surrounding fluid. At a surface, adhesion of a bacterium initiates the formation of a biofilm - a structured, self-organised community of bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These ecosystems can grow on any synthetic or biological surface/interface exposed to external environments such as the surface of teeth, skin, kitchen countertops and bathroom surfaces. Specifically, oral biofilms are responsible for some of the most widespread infections - caries, gingivitis and periodontitis [1], as the surfaces of teeth, dentures and dental implants are highly susceptible to biofilm formation. Severe cases of these diseases can lead to more serious health complications such as bone loss or implant failure.Developing real time label free cost-effective tracking technologies that can characterise and quantify the diffusion of synthetic and biological micro and nano-entities and their ability to adhere and/or infect a surface is a key tool in developing the next generation of anti-microbial therapies and surfaces. These technologies will allow investigations into anti-microbial efficiency both in solution and at the point of contact on a surface. Several studies have attempted to track bacterial dynamics using single particle tacking techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, which is by far the most common single particle tracking technique. This approach requires a fluorescent label to be attached to the particle or organism being tracked. The exposure of the fluorescent label to the excitation light can cause the label to break down leading to photobleaching and phototoxicity,