The Evolution of a Singing Teacher: The Life and Pedagogy of Carlo Bassini (c1815-1870)

20世纪声乐教育学向科学驱动的声乐研究和实践方法的转变，在很大程度上是由Vennard和Appelman等美国歌唱教师领导的（Hoch, 2018）。美国的这种发展部分是建立在移民的基础上的，移民导致了欧洲不同国家声乐教学风格的传播（Miller, 1977; Freed, 2000）。这种关于歌唱的生理思考起源于19世纪中后期，现代研究人员一般从弗雷德里克·鲁特（Frederick Root, 1873）开始对美国声乐教育学文本进行历史概述（Grogan, 2010）。然而，这忽略了鲁特在纽约的声音老师：卡洛·巴西尼（c1815-1870）。Bassini是一位多产的作家和成功的歌唱教师，他于1857年在美国出版了第一本专门针对美国观众的主要欧式声乐教学法书籍，随后在十年内又出版了五卷，但他对美国声乐教学的影响仍未被探索。对Bassini的研究很少（Lyle, 1995; Austin, 2010; Cox 2021）。他以巡回小提琴家的身份开始了他的职业生涯，最终成为纽约最重要的歌唱教师和作家之一。巴西尼的教学生涯是由他的政治和个人环境所驱动的。他在欧洲和美洲的广泛旅行使他有机会获得广泛的教学理论。巴西尼于19世纪20年代在那不勒斯以意大利风格学习，但他的书显示出对19世纪中期基于生理学的声音训练方法的承诺，弥合了18世纪末基于经验的教学与19世纪中期科学实践之间的历史和理论差距。在我的博士学位（2021年9月开始）中，我将探索巴西尼的生活和旅行对他的教学的影响，并对他的教学哲学的发展进行全面的研究，从他最早发表的文章（1853年）到他的最后一本书（1869年），调查他对美国歌唱教学的影响。为了了解他在教学实践中是如何做到这一点的，我将在自己的声音中试用他的高级练习，并为初学者设计一个测试方案来试用他的系统的早期阶段，从而照亮歌手早期训练的历史，并为现代初学者声音培养的教学实践做出贡献。研究问题：卡洛·巴西尼在多大程度上可以被认为是美国声乐教育学传统的创始人？a)卡罗·巴西尼的一生和他的六本声乐教学法书籍如何阐明美国早期的声乐教学与引进的欧洲方法的区别？b)对巴西尼的文章（1853-1857）和书籍（1857-1869）的分析能告诉我们他的教学哲学和方法论的基础和发展吗？c)巴西尼的教学方法在多大程度上可以应用于现代教学实践？时间表（按年）：1)文献综述，历史和传记研究（进行中）。实用的自动探索高级练习。2)建立按主题和结构组织的习题数据库。书籍的主题分析。3)教学分析。建立案例研究。4)接收研究。案例研究。5)完成和提交。

The twentieth-century shift in vocal pedagogy towards a scientifically driven approach to voice research and practice was, in large part, led by American singing teachers such as Vennard and Appelman (Hoch, 2018). This development in the U.S. is partially founded upon immigration, which caused the dissemination of diverse European national styles of vocal teaching (Miller, 1977; Freed, 2000). Such physiological thinking about singing has its origins in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century, and modern researchers generally begin historical overviews of American vocal pedagogy texts with that of Frederick Root (1873) (Grogan, 2010). However, this ignores Root's voice teacher in New York: Carlo Bassini (c1815-1870). Bassini was a prolific writer and successful singing teacher, who in 1857 published the first major European-style singing voice pedagogy method book in the United States specifically for an American audience, followed by five further volumes over ten years, yet his impact on American voice teaching remains unexplored.Studies of Bassini are rare (Lyle, 1995; Austin, 2010; Cox 2021). He began his career as an itinerant violinist and finished as one of the foremost singing teachers and writers in New York. Bassini's teaching career was driven by his circumstances, both political and personal. His extensive travels in Europe and the Americas gave him the opportunity to acquire a broad range of pedagogical theory. Bassini studied in Naples in the 1820s in the Italian style, yet his books show a commitment to mid-nineteenth-century physiologically based methodologies of voice training, bridging the historical and theoretical gap between the experience-based teaching of the late 1700s, and mid-nineteenth-century scientificpractices.In my PhD (started September 2021) I will explore the impact of Bassini's life and travels on his teaching, and produce a comprehensive examination of the development of his pedagogical philosophy from his earliest published articles (1853) to his final book (1869), investigating his influence on American singing teaching. To understand how he approached this in his teaching practice, I will trial his advanced exercises in my own voice and design a test protocol for beginners to trial the early stages of his system, illuminating the historical early-stage training of singers and contributing to modern teaching practice for developing beginner voices. Research Questions:To what extent might Carlo Bassini be considered the founder of the American tradition of vocal pedagogy?a) How can Carlo Bassini's life and six vocal pedagogy method books illuminate the earliest period of specifically American voice teaching as distinct from imported European methods?b) What can an analysis of Bassini's articles (1853-1857) and books (1857-1869) tell us about the basis and development of his pedagogical philosophy and methodology?c) To what extent can Bassini's teaching methods be found to apply in a modern teaching practice?Timeline (by year):1) Literature review, historical and biographical research (in progress). Practical auto-exploration of advanced exercises. 2) Creation of database of exercises organised thematically and structurally. Thematic analysis of books.3) Pedagogical analysis. Set up case studies.4) Reception study. Case-study.5) Completion and submission.