'Sisters in Art': The Pre-Raphaelite Women's Network

友谊对拉斐尔前派的女性艺术家和作家有多重要？这些联系是如何在他们的工作中发挥形成作用的？我的论文是第一个研究拉斐尔前派女性艺术家和作家之间友谊的影响以及她们如何利用友谊挑战维多利亚艺术世界的男性结构的论文。我关注的是六位前拉斐尔派女性：安娜·霍伊特、丽贝卡·所罗门、路易丝·乔普林、伊丽莎白·西达尔、贝西·帕克斯和凯特·邦斯。本研究将解构在学术分析中占主导地位的批判意识形态，深入探索这些女性和她们的作品，她们形成的友谊和她们的创作机构，与拉斐尔前派兄弟会不同。尽管在1848年首次展览后，女性前拉斐尔派的知名度越来越高，但与兄弟会相比，她们明显被边缘化了（Yeates & Trowbridge, 2017:1）。约翰·拉斯金批评霍伊特建议她“远离有争议的话题”（坎贝尔，1995:40）。这随后导致霍伊特和其他女性艺术家毁掉了她们的一些作品。尽管这些女性经历了耻辱，但她们的工作打破了以男性为中心的机构所定义的女性理想。Marsh（1985）创造了“姐妹情谊”一词，作为一种方式来识别这些女性不仅仅是兄弟会的“缪斯”，而且是理所当然的艺术家。然而，这些女性不应该被统称为“姐妹”，这个词贬低了她们的个人成就。他们利用前拉斐尔主义确立了自己作为专业艺术家和作家的地位，形成了他们自己的创造性友谊，这是迄今为止未知的。有三个研究问题：-“姐妹情谊”一词在确定这些女性为独立于兄弟会的艺术家和作家时涉及什么价值？这些价值观是如何塑造我们的理解的？女性的共同努力在哪些方面挑战了维多利亚时代艺术和文学界的男性结构？-女性拉斐尔前派的人际关系在她们的作品中扮演了怎样的角色？我的目标是建立女性如何建立友谊，以及她们如何在维多利亚文化中为女性的解放做出贡献。我将通过民族志、档案和历史研究来探索每位女性在她们所处环境中的生活和工作，并继续在她们和同龄人之间建立联系。我将对她们的作品进行细致的视觉和文学分析，探索她们是如何挑战女性所承受的系统性偏见的。我将继续在讲座和会议上传播我的发现，并致力于与拉斐尔前派协会和英国维多利亚研究协会合作，组织一个当代拉斐尔前派女性网络。我的指示性时间表：第一年：-回顾和分析相关文献。-档案实地考察：格顿学院、沃茨画廊和格莱斯顿图书馆。-开始历史传记研究。-开始Ch1：介绍拉斐尔前派女性。-开始Ch2：“新兴女权主义”：政治网络和社会活动2年：进一步的档案实地考察。-开始Ch3：创意和家庭空间：家庭和工作室中的友谊-通过PRS和BAVS的演示传播研究-共同编辑PRS女性问题。第三年级：-开始第4章：重新审视与公共政策委员会有关的姐妹关系-完成论文草稿，包括引言和结论-与公共政策委员会就妇女网络进行联络

How significant were friendships to Pre-Raphaelite women artists and writers? How did these connections play a formative role in their work? My thesis is the first to examine the impact of friendships amongst Pre-Raphaelite women artists and writers and how they used their friendships to challenge the masculine structures of the Victorian art world. I focus on six Pre-Raphaelite women: Anna Howitt, Rebecca Solomon, Louise Jopling, Elizabeth Siddal, Bessie Parkes and Kate Bunce. This research will deconstruct the critical ideologies that have predominated in academic analyses by exploring these women and their works in depth, the friendships they formed and their creative agency, distinct from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.Despite growing publicity following their first exhibition in 1848, the female Pre-Raphaelites were significantly marginalised in comparison to the Brotherhood (Yeates & Trowbridge, 2017:1). John Ruskin criticised Howitt advising her to 'leave contentious subjects alone' (Campbell, 1995:40). This subsequently led Howitt and other female artists, to destroy some of their works. Notwithstanding the stigmas these women experienced, their work broke away from the feminine ideal defined by male-centric institutions. Marsh (1985) coined the term 'Sisterhood' as a way of identifying these women as more than the Brotherhood's 'muses', and rightfully as artists. However, these women should not be collectively defined as a 'Sisterhood', a term that relegates their individual achievements. They used Pre-Raphaelitism to establish themselves as professional artists and writers, forming their own creative friendships that have hitherto been unknown.There are three research questions:- What values are implicated in the term 'Sisterhood' in identifying these women as artists and writers separate to the Brotherhood? How have these values shaped our understanding?- In what ways did the women's collaborative efforts challenge the masculine structures of the Victorian art and literary community?- How did the female Pre-Raphaelites' networking relationships play a formative role in their work?I aim to establish how the women formed their friendships and how they contributed to the enfranchisement of women in wider Victorian culture. I will explore each woman's life and works in their milieu through ethnographical, archival and historical research, and continue making connections between them and their peers. I will apply close visual and literary analysis to their works, exploring how they challenge the systematic prejudice endured by women. I will continue disseminating my findings into lectures and conferences, and aim to organise a contemporary Pre-Raphaelite women's network in collaboration with the Pre-Raphaelite Society and the British Association of Victorian Studies.My indicative timeline:Year 1:- Reviewed and analysed relevant literature.- Fieldwork in archives: Girton College, Watts' Gallery and Gladstone's libraries.- Begun Historical biographical research.- Begun Ch1: Introducing Pre-Raphaelite women.- Begin Ch2: 'The Emergent Feminism': Political networking and social activismYear 2:- Further archival fieldwork.- Begin Ch3: The Creative and Domestic space: Friendships in the Home and Studio- Disseminate research via presentation for PRS and BAVS- Co-editing PRS Women's issue.Year 3:- Begin Ch4: Revisiting the Sisterhood in relation to the PRB- Complete draft thesis including introduction and conclusion- Liaise with PRS regarding women's network