Can Encountering More Misinformation Lead to More Resistance to Misinformation?

错误信息是当前的一个问题，特别是在COVID大流行的背景下，持续的错误信息传播造成了有害影响。错误信息效应描述的是，在目睹了一个事件并接收到与之矛盾的信息之后，个人的记忆如何开始将一些错误信息整合到他们对该事件的原始记忆中。进一步的研究表明，如果个人没有立即注意到这种差异，记忆更有可能发生变化。然而，当注意到差异时，这可以促进对原始事件的记忆。这项研究旨在探索遇到更大的错误信息会使人们更怀疑和抵制错误信息的可能性，从而减少错误信息的影响。本项目将进行一项荟萃分析，并进行三项实验研究，以补充荟萃分析。元分析本身将关注不同数量的错误信息对差异检测的影响。除此之外，还计划进行多个较小的荟萃分析，以探索研究的某些子集，例如测试类型（例如强制选择与自由回忆）。第一个实验研究将直接观察不同数量的错误信息对检测到的差异数量和记忆性能的影响。第二项实验研究将探索不同类型的错误信息（例如，赞美与补充）如何结合不同数量的错误信息来缓和错误信息的影响。最后，第三个实验研究将对在前两个实验研究过程中可能出现的任何进一步的问题进行跟踪。

Misinformation is a current issue, particularly when considered in the context of the COVID pandemic,where consistent misinformation circulating caused detrimental effects.The misinformation effect outlines how, after witnessing an event and receiving contradictoryinformation after, an individual's memory may begin to incorporate some of the misinformation into theiroriginal memory of the event. Further research has shown that memories are more likely to change if theindividual does not notice the discrepancy immediately. However, when the discrepancy is noticed, thiscan facilitate memory for the original event.This research is aimed at exploring the possibility that encountering larger pieces of misinformationmakes people more sceptical and resistant to misinformation, reducing the misinformation effect.This project will conduct a meta-analysis, as well as three experimental studies designed to complementthe meta-analysis. The meta-analysis itself will focus on the effect that varying amounts ofmisinformation have on discrepancy detection. Further to this, multiple smaller meta-analyses areplanned to explore certain subsets of studies, such as type of test (forced choice vs. free recall forinstance).The first experimental study will directly look at the effect differing amounts of misinformation have onboth amount of discrepancies detected and memory performance. The second experimental study willexplore how different types of misinformation (e.g., complimentary vs. supplementary), in combinationwith varying amounts of misinformation, can moderate the misinformation effect. Finally, the thirdexperimental study will follow-up on any further questions that may arise during the course of the MAand first two experimental studies.