Meeting the increasing UK demand for seafood sustainably and equitably: integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture as a solution to promote environmental

水产养殖是一个很大的领域，许多种类的鱼和甲壳类在英国被消费。每年有50亿对虾和其他十足类甲壳类动物进口到英国(甲壳类动物保护计划，2023年)，全球每年总共养殖4000亿虾(虾世界项目，2023年)。因此，该项目的重点是对虾养殖及其与印度环境退化的关系。在这一领域几乎没有学术研究；大多数研究都是由非政府组织进行的，更多的学术投入将使他们受益。然而，尽管对虾和其他无脊椎动物的福利缺乏关注，但在Birch等人的建议下，英国政府通过《2022年动物福利(感知)法案》在法律上承认十足甲壳类动物是有意识的。(2021年)。因此，政府现在有义务确保仅零售购物者每年在英国消费的4万吨虾就来自福利标准可接受的养殖场。事实上，虾是英国饮食中如此大的一部分，以至于它们约占英国海鲜进口总值的五分之一(佩格，2019年)。鉴于对虾的福利尚未完全了解，学者们目前将环境条件与养虾场的福利紧密地混为一谈(Lewis-Mendes，Saugh&Boddy，2022)。红树林通常被清理出来，为养虾场让路，然而，它们对于为虾创造一个可持续和宜居的生态系统至关重要，而且越来越多的人要求将虾-红树林水产养殖一体化，或称银鱼养殖场，以便在很大程度上维持生态系统功能的同时，实现粮食生产(McSherry等人，2023；Ahmed，Thompson&Gaser，2018)。对甲壳类动物福利知识的缺乏意味着不仅要维护而且要改善红树林生态系统，并为气候变化带来的变化做好准备。进一步研究生产者及其生计与红树林之间的关系也是必要的。

Aquaculture is a large field, with many species of fish and crustaceans being consumed in the UK.Five billion prawns and other decapod crustaceans imported into the UK annually (CrustaceanCompassion, 2023) and 400 billion shrimp are farmed in total globally each year (Shrimp WelfareProject, 2023). Consequently, this project focuses on shrimp farming and its relationship withenvironmental degradation in India. There is little scholarship on this field; most of research isbeing conducted by NGOs and would benefit from greater academic input. However, despite thelack of attention on the welfare of shrimp and other invertebrates, decapod crustaceans are nowlegally recognised as sentient by the UK Government through the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act2022 after recommendations from Birch et al. (2021). Therefore, the government now has anobligation to ensure that that the 40,000 tonnes of shrimp consumed in the UK each year by retailshoppers alone (Pegg, 2019) are sourced from farms with acceptable welfare standards. Indeed,shrimp are such a large part of the UK diet that they comprise around a fifth of the total value ofseafood imports into the UK (Pegg, 2019). Given that welfare in shrimp is not yet fully understood,scholars currently closely conflate environmental conditions and welfare in shrimp farms (Lewit-Mendes, Saugh & Boddy, 2022). Mangroves are commonly cleared to make way for shrimp farms,however, they are vital in creating a sustainable and liveable ecosystem for the shrimp, and thereare increasing calls for integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture, or silvofisheries, to allow forfood production whilst also largely maintaining ecosystem function (McSherry et al., 2023;Ahmed, Thompson & Glaser, 2018). The lack of knowledge on crustacean welfare means it isimperative to not only maintain but also improve mangrove ecosystems and prepare them for thechanges that climate change will bring. Further scholarship on producers and the relationshipbetween their livelihoods and mangroves is also warranted.