Understanding climate change-related increases in dissolved Mn, Fe, OM in drinking water systems: identifying future risks and facilitating fit-for-pu

苏格兰和世界各地的许多饮用水水源地正在经历溶解的锰、铁、有机质浓度的季节性波动。在夏季和秋季的较长时间内，溶解锰浓度现已接近世卫组织400克L-1的指导值，超过该值可能会对人体健康造成潜在的负面影响。溶解铁的浓度通常较高，尽管饮用水中的铁没有类似的基于健康的限量，但&gt；200 g L-1的浓度会损害口感，导致衣物污渍，并导致饮用水分配系统内的涂层/沉淀物。有证据表明，溶解浓度的增加与气候变化有关，特别是在风暴事件加剧的情况下，延长旱期的频率增加。事实上，2021年，英国许多饮用水水库的水位处于约160年来的最低水平。现在迫切需要水供应商投资于适合用途的水管理系统；例如，源水曝气、充氧和人工分层，特定的原水处理过程，例如臭氧、化学接触器，和/或供水系统的冲洗。这种缓解措施代价高昂，最近的研究表明，它们在处理富含有机物质的水和将锰/铁浓度维持在影响供水系统的水平以下方面效率低下。

Many drinking water sources in Scotland and worldwide are experiencing seasonal fluctuations in dissolved Mn, Fe, OM concentrations. Over prolonged periods during summer and autumn, dissolved Mn concentrations are now approaching the WHO guideline value of 400 g L-1, above which there may be potential negative human health impacts. Dissolved Fe concentrations are typically higher and, although there is no similar health-based limit for Fe in drinking water, concentrations of >200 g L-1 can impair taste, cause staining of laundry and result in coatings/precipitates within drinking water distribution systems. Evidence suggests that the increasing dissolved concentrations are linked to climate change, specifically the increased frequency of extended dry periods interspersed by intensified storm events. Indeed, in 2021, many UK drinking water reservoir levels were at their lowest for ~160 years. There is now an urgent need for water providers to invest in fit-for-purpose water management systems; e.g. source water aeration, oxygenation and artificial destratification, specific raw water treatment processes, e.g. ozonation, chemical contactors, and/or flushing of distribution systems. Such mitigation measures are expensive and recent studies indicate that they are inefficient in treating organic-rich waters and in maintaining Mn/Fe concentrations below the levels which impact on the water distribution systems.