Understanding the role of different types of conservation area in meeting global biodiversity protection targets

减少生物多样性丧失的最广泛使用的方法是建立保护区，这就是为什么科学家和从业者呼吁到2030年全球覆盖率达到30%的原因（Dinerstein等人，2019）。实现这一目标将取决于增加私人和社区管理的保护区的数量（唐纳德等人，2019），因为这在社会上更公正，在政治上更可行。此外，它可能有助于保护国家保护区中代表性不足的物种，这些物种通常位于经济价值低的生态系统中（Joppa & Pfaff，2009）。然而，我们对私人和社区管理的保护区的位置知之甚少，因此无法了解不同保护区类型的重要性或监测全球目标的进展情况。为了克服这一点，DICE领导的研究团队开发了一种基于样本的方法。这项研究确定了在最少数量的国家中陆地领域的10%样本，这代表了生物多样性和保护区覆盖的空间格局（Sykes等人，出版中）。然后，他们与国内合作伙伴组织合作，收集最佳的保护区数据。这项工作证实了该方法的价值和它的潜力，以回答重要的研究questions.Aims和objectivesThis学生将建立在现有的采样保护区的研究：1）调查的鲁棒性的方法来确定国家和全球样本的子集，通过比较结果使用不同的优先级技术（基于马克思和分区软件包），并使用不同的目标的百分比选择的地球仪。这将涉及收集另外10%陆地区域的数据。2）在20%样本的基础上，调查不同保护区类型在实现全球保护目标方面的作用，例如代表生物多样性，例如，实现物种和生态系统代表性目标（Venter等人，2014）和维持景观连通性（Saura et al，2019）.3）确定不同类型保护区在防止栖息地丧失方面的有效性（Andam等人，2008年），使用全球数据集的森林砍伐和农业转换的蔓延，以了解是否以及如何在生物群落和社会之间变化，4）审查文献，以评估如何将目标1中制定的方法应用于海洋领域，并利用现有的全球海洋地理、治理和生态系统压力数据集对该方法进行试点。

Research backgroundThe most widely used approach for reducing biodiversity loss is establishing conservation areas, which is why scientists and practitioners have called for 30% global coverage by 2030 (Dinerstein et al, 2019). Achieving this will depend on increasing the number of privately- and community-managed conservation areas (Donald et al, 2019), as this is more socially just and politically feasible. In addition, it may help protect species that are under-represented in state conservation areas, which are generally located in ecosystems with low economic value (Joppa & Pfaff, 2009). However, we know little about the locations of privately- and community-managed conservation areas, making it impossible to understand the importance of the different conservation area types or monitor progress towards global targets.To overcome this, a DICE-led research team developed a sample-based approach. This identified a 10% sample of the terrestrial realm within a minimum number of countries that is representative of spatial patterns of biodiversity and conservation area coverage (Sykes et al, in press). They then worked with in-country partner organisations to collect the best available conservation area data. This work confirmed the value of the approach and its potential to answer important research questions.Aims and objectivesThis studentship will build on this existing sampled conservation area research by:1) Investigating the robustness of the approach for identifying the subset of countries and global sample by comparing results using different prioritisation techniques (based on the Marxan and Zonation software packages), and using different targets for the percentage of the globe selected. This will involve collecting data on an additional 10% of the terrestrial realm.2) Based on the 20% sample, investigating the role that different conservation area types play in meeting global conservation targets, such as representing biodiversity, e.g., meeting species and ecosystem representation targets (Venter et al, 2014) and maintaining landscape connectivity (Saura et al, 2019).3) Determining the effectiveness of different types of conservation area in preventing habitat loss (Andam et al, 2008), using global datasets on the spread of deforestation and agricultural conversion to understand whether and how this varies between biomes and socio-economic conditions.4) Reviewing the literature to assess how the approach developed in Objective 1 could be applied to the marine realm and piloting the approach using available global datasets on marine biogeography, governance and ecosystem pressures.