Ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal declines in the Neotropics
新热带地区更新世巨型动物减少的生态后果
基本信息
- 批准号:2859430
- 负责人:
- 金额:--
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:英国
- 项目类别:Studentship
- 财政年份:2023
- 资助国家:英国
- 起止时间:2023 至 无数据
- 项目状态:未结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Project BackgroundThe end of the Pleistocene period was characterised by the extinction of large mammals worldwide. These large mammals are also known as Megafauna and their extinction was likely driven by a combination of climate change and human pressure (Barnosky et al. 2004). The timing of Megafauna extinctions falls between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago worldwide, with some variability between continents. Megafauna played important ecological roles in Pleistocene ecosystems including seed dispersal, controlling vegetation structure, and regulating fuel build-up and fire activity (Gill et al. 2012, Raczka et al. 2018, Hyvarinen et al. 2021). Megafauna extinctions are therefore thought to have had significant ecological consequences for the ecosystems that remained (Doughty et al. 2013, Faith et al. 2011). In tropical South America, information on these extinctions is limited even though it is estimated that 85% of Megafauna species went extinct. Current global environmental change is driving biodiversity loss and threatening species with extinction. Understanding the ecological consequences of Pleistocene Megafauna extinctions is crucial to estimate the potential repercussions of contemporary extinctions. The study of megafauna extinctions in tropical South America is hindered by the limited number of Megafauna fossil sites discovered to date. Spores that germinate on herbivore dung can be used as an alternative to estimate Megafauna presence and declines (Davis & Shafer 2006, Perroti & van Asperen 2019). Dung spores are readily deposited and preserved in sediments along with fossil pollen and charcoal particles. Pollen and charcoal can be used to reconstruct vegetation composition and fire activity (Urrego et al 2016). The nature of macronutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) concentrations, spatial distributions and molecular speciations in sediments can be used to understand temporal changes in nutrient transfer in the environment (Adediran et al., 2021). Together, these integrated datasets can provide valuable information on the ecological consequences of Megafauna extinctions and the timing of Megafauna declines in tropical South America. Project Aims and MethodsThis PhD project will combine microfossils and spatial macronutrient analysis from sedimentary archives in tropical South America to address the following questions: i) what is the environmental setting prior to Megafauna extinctions?, ii) what is the timing of Megafauna extinctions in tropical South America?, iii) have vegetation composition and fire activity changed as a consequence of Megafauna extinctions? iv) can past and present soil macronutrient concentration and speciation be a consequence of Megafauna extinctions? The PhD project will also produce a regional synthesis of Megafauna extinctions and their ecological consequences across several sites in tropical South America.
项目背景更新世末期的特征是全球大型哺乳动物的灭绝。这些大型哺乳动物也被称为巨型动物,它们的灭绝可能是由气候变化和人类压力共同驱动的(Barnosky等人,2004年)。世界范围内巨型动物灭绝的时间福尔斯5万年到1万年前之间,各大洲之间存在一些差异。巨型动物在更新世生态系统中发挥着重要的生态作用,包括种子传播、控制植被结构、调节燃料积累和火灾活动(Gill等人,2012年; Raczka等人,2018年; Hyvarinen等人,2021年)。因此,巨型动物灭绝被认为对现存的生态系统产生了重大的生态后果(Doughty等人,2013年; Faith等人,2011年)。在南美洲热带地区,尽管估计有85%的巨型动物物种灭绝,但有关这些灭绝的信息仍然有限。当前的全球环境变化正在导致生物多样性丧失,并使物种面临灭绝的威胁。了解更新世巨型动物灭绝的生态后果对于估计当代灭绝的潜在影响至关重要。由于迄今为止发现的巨型动物化石地点数量有限,对南美洲热带巨型动物群落的研究受到阻碍。在食草动物粪便上萌发的孢子可用作估计巨型动物存在和减少的替代方法(Davis & Shafer 2006,Perroti &货车Asperen 2019)。粪孢子很容易与花粉化石和木炭颗粒沿着沉积和保存在沉积物中。花粉和木炭可用于重建植被组成和火灾活动(Urrego et al 2016)。沉积物中常量营养素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S)浓度、空间分布和分子形态的性质可用于了解环境中营养素转移的时间变化(Adediran等人,2021年)。总之,这些综合数据集可以提供有关巨型动物灭绝的生态后果和南美洲热带巨型动物减少的时间的宝贵信息。项目目标和方法这个博士项目将结合联合收割机微体化石和空间宏量营养素分析,从沉积档案在热带南美洲,以解决以下问题:i)什么是环境设置之前,巨型动物灭绝?,ii)南美洲热带地区巨型动物灭绝的时间是什么?iii)植被组成和火灾活动是否因巨型动物灭绝而改变?过去和现在的土壤宏量营养素浓度和物种形成是否是巨型动物灭绝的后果?该博士项目还将产生一个巨型动物群落及其在南美洲热带几个地点的生态后果的区域综合。
项目成果
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其他文献
吉治仁志 他: "トランスジェニックマウスによるTIMP-1の線維化促進機序"最新医学. 55. 1781-1787 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等:“转基因小鼠中 TIMP-1 的促纤维化机制”现代医学 55. 1781-1787 (2000)。
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LiDAR Implementations for Autonomous Vehicle Applications
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2021 - 期刊:
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吉治仁志 他: "イラスト医学&サイエンスシリーズ血管の分子医学"羊土社(渋谷正史編). 125 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等人:“血管医学与科学系列分子医学图解”Yodosha(涉谷正志编辑)125(2000)。
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Effect of manidipine hydrochloride,a calcium antagonist,on isoproterenol-induced left ventricular hypertrophy: "Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,K.,Teragaki,M.,Iwao,H.and Yoshikawa,J." Jpn Circ J. 62(1). 47-52 (1998)
钙拮抗剂盐酸马尼地平对异丙肾上腺素引起的左心室肥厚的影响:“Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,
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