Childhood Vaccine Policy in the U.S. Since 1955

描述(由申请人提供)：目标：本项目的目标是出版一本历史专著，概述过去半个世纪以来美国参加儿童免疫接种的主要争议。在这个框架内，它将描述疫苗政策的演变，目的是阐明其有效性和后果。它将讲述卫生专业人员如何与其他社会团体(公共卫生组织、政府机构、法院、媒体和反疫苗团体)接触，以定义和构建美国疫苗政策。 重要意义：目前的儿童免疫政策在过去50年中以一种往往支离破碎和被动的方式演变。了解其历史，从继脊髓灰质炎疫苗之后的第一次全国免疫运动开始，直到围绕百日咳疫苗的诉讼危机，对于重新制定更加连贯和统一的国家政策至关重要。尽管过去25年在提供免疫方面取得了巨大进展，但另外两个事态发展可能会破坏这一进展。在媒体的推动下，通过诉讼表达的反疫苗情绪的上升，已经成为一股重要的政治力量，但医学界对此仍然知之甚少。企业也一直在退出疫苗研究，威胁要提高价格和供应短缺。这个项目将试图展示促进疫苗交付、开发和安全的努力如何影响甚至破坏彼此。 方法：本项目涉及的历史研究将包括已出版文献中的原始资料以及精选的档案。它的时间框架将以1956年(索尔克疫苗的发布)和1993年的儿童免疫法为界限。正文将集中于三种疫苗(DTP、麻疹和百日咳)提出的问题以及每种疫苗产生的公共问题和争议。资料来源将包括专业医学文献、法律案例、大众媒体，以及与国会听证会和政策有关的大量政府文件。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project is to produce an historical monograph surveying the principal controversies that have attended child immunization in the United States over the past half-century. Within this framework it will describe the evolution of vaccine policy, with the intent of illuminating its effectiveness and consequences. It will relate how health professionals have engaged with other social groups (public health organizations, government agencies, the courts, media, and anti-vaccine groups) to define and construct American vaccine policy. SIGNIFICANCE: Current childhood immunization policy has evolved over the past 50 years in an often fragmented and reactive manner. An understanding of its history, beginning with the first national immunization drives following polio vaccine through the litigation crises surrounding pertussis vaccine, is essential to the re-formulation of a more coherent and unified national policy. Although enormous strides have been made in immunization delivery over the past twenty-five years, two other developments threaten to undermine this progress. The rise of anti-vaccine sentiment, fueled by the media and expressed through litigation, has become an important political force that remains poorly understood by the medical profession. Corporations also have been withdrawing from vaccine research, threatening higher prices and supply shortages. This project will seek to show how efforts to promote vaccine delivery, development, and safety can affect and even undermine one another. METHODS: The historical research involved in this project will include primary source material in the published literature as well as select archives. Its time frame will be bounded by 1956 (the release of the Salk vaccine) and the Childhood Immunization Act of 1993. The text will focus on the issues raised by three vaccines (DTP, measles, and pertussis)and the public issues and controversies generated by each. Sources will include professional medical literature, legal cases, popular media, and extensive government documents related to congressional hearings and policy.