Beyond the Margins: the Off-modern in the writings of Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc.

根据法国作家西蒙娜·德·波伏娃和维奥莱特·勒杜克的四部重版、死后和之前被忽视的作品，这个项目通过一个新的批判视角重新评估了这些作者对女性友谊、身份和性的描述：理论家斯维特拉娜·博伊姆的“非现代”概念，为波伏娃-勒杜克奖学金提供了一个原创的干预。“非现代”重新审视了关于“非传统”女性关系/主体性的写作，而不是“古怪”，而是提供了理解女性如何体验自我的新方法。我对文学/哲学内部女性关系的批判性重新审视改变了学术界对波伏娃-勒杜克的理解，展示了以前被认为是学者个人/禁区的作品的更广泛的哲学意义。本研究对西蒙娜·德·波伏娃和维奥莱特·勒杜克作品中的女性主体性、性和友谊进行了新的审视，探讨了女性内部关系（如童年/成年/死后）的伦理和美学问题。关于波伏娃和勒杜克的少女时代亲密的友谊，关于他死后的原始文本的研究很少，这些文本都是半自传体的作品。由于20世纪50年代的（自我）审查，《萨姆斯·伊萨贝尔》（勒杜克）在2000年才出版，《萨姆斯·伊萨贝尔》（波伏娃）在2020年才出版。随着新出版物的出版，如波伏娃的“Lettres d' amiti<e:1>”，再版，如Leduc的“tracimsors prendre”，以及当前LGBTQ+和女权主义者关于波伏娃的作品（由Manon Garcia， Édouard Louis和Caroline Criado-Perez撰写），这些作者正在迅速获得（为波伏娃重新争取）公共学术界的关注。迫切需要对这一新材料进行研究，因为它说明了作者对“女性气质”的理解更为复杂的形象，并有助于我们今天对“女性气质”的理解。我的分析从Svetlana Boym的解释性理论“非现代”开始，它探索了“日常”中的哲学。博伊姆的非现代理论是无价的，因为它从21世纪女性的角度评估了审查或边缘化故事中的“女性化”友谊、亲密关系和透视主义。因此，它对于揭示作者的私密文本的详细洞察力是必不可少的，使我们能够更好地理解他们对主体性的立场和表达，以前通过审查隐藏。所选的文本意义重大，因为它们以一种互补和启示性的方式处理妇女的主体性/关系。我的阅读弥补了批评的盲点，重新思考了我们对作者的立场。第一章通过自我/他者二元性分析童年亲密友谊。这将学术界的焦点从传统的<s:1>波伏娃-萨特二元关系转移到西蒙娜-扎扎（扎扎是波伏娃儿时的朋友）的组合上，并重新评估了萨蒙-伊莎贝尔被审查的关系，从而揭示了“停留在边缘”的非传统亲密友谊（Jefferson 2016）。第二章探讨了叙事视角如何通过对过去的描述（例如，他者成为过去的自己）来改变作者对LB/MJFR中自我的看法。这些自传阐明了作者与女性的关系随着时间的推移而变化，因为她们的主体性也在变化。第3章考察了作者在旅行中遇到新的情况/人时，他们的自我和人际关系是如何转变的。TP/AJJ提供了波伏娃和勒杜克关于主观性如何与空间联系的新发现。

In light of four key republished, posthumous, and previously overlooked works by French authors Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc, this project re-evaluates these authors' depictions of female friendship, identity and sexuality through a new critical lens: theorist Svetlana Boym's concept the 'off-modern', providing an original intervention into Beauvoir-Leduc scholarship. The 'off-modern' reconsiders writings about 'unconventional' women's relationships/subjectivity, less as 'outlandish', but rather offering up new ways of understanding how women experience their selfhoods. My critical re-examination of literary/philosophical intra-female bonds changes scholarly understanding of Beauvoir-Leduc, by showing the wider philosophical significance of writings previously considered personal/off-limits to scholars. This research proposes a new examination of female subjectivity, sexuality, and friendship in Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc's writings, exploring ethical and aesthetic questions about intra-female relationships (e.g., childhood/adulthood/posthumous). Little scholarship exists on the posthumous primary texts, which are semi-autobiographical writings, respectively relating to Beauvoir and Leduc's intensely intimate girlhood friendships. Due to (self-)censorship in the 1950s, 'Thérèse et Isabelle' (Leduc) was only published in 2000 and 'Les Inséparables' (Beauvoir) in 2020. With the release of new publications e.g. Beauvoir's 'Lettres d'amitié', republications e.g. Leduc's 'Trésors à prendre', and current LGBTQ+ and feminist writings on Beauvoir (by Manon Garcia, Édouard Louis and Caroline Criado-Perez), these authors are rapidly gaining (reclaiming for Beauvoir) public-academic attention. A study is urgently required into this new material as it illustrates a more complex image of the authors' understanding of 'womanhood' and contributes to our comprehension of 'womanhood' today. My analysis begins through Svetlana Boym's interpretative theory, the 'off-modern', which explores the philosophical in the 'everyday'. Boym's off-modern theory is invaluable since it evaluates 'feminine' friendships, intimacy and perspectivism in censored or marginalised stories from a 21st-century female viewpoint. It therefore is indispensable for revealing detailed insight on our authors' intimate texts, allowing us to better understand their positions on and expressions of subjectivity, previously hidden through censorship. The chosen texts are significant as they address women's subjectivity/relationships in a complementary and revelatory manner. My reading redresses blindspots in criticism, and reconsiders our standpoint of the authors. Chapter 1 analyses intimate childhood friendships through the self/Other duality. This shifts scholarship's focus from the clichéd Beauvoir-Sartre binary onto a Simone-Zaza pairing (Zaza was Beauvoir's childhood friend) and reassesses Thérèse-Isabelle's censored relationship, thus uncovering unconventional intimate friendships that 'linger in margins' (Jefferson 2016). Chapter 2 explores how narrative perspectives alter the authors' perceptions of their selfhood in LB/MJFR through depictions of the past e.g., the Other becoming a past-self. These autobiographies illuminate the authors' changing relationships with women as their subjectivity shifts through time. Chapter 3 examines how the authors' selfhood and relationships transform when travelling as they encounter new situations/people. TP/AJJ offer new findings on Beauvoir and Leduc's considerations of how subjectivity relates to space.