Exploring conservation co-benefits to biodiversity and carbon storage and sink capacity across forests to improve practice.

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Conservation of global forests is at the centre of the climate and biodiversity crisis prevention efforts. Forests play a fundamental role in mitigating climate change, absorbing around 1/3 of anthropogenic emissions, but are also home to 80% of terrestrial biodiversity. Modern forest management is mainly directed at protecting and increasing carbon stocks to mitigate climate change, often assuming biodiversity will be simultaneously protected as a co-benefit. While there is evidence for a positive relationship between these variables in tropical forests at large scales, recent studies suggest this may not be the case for temperate forests. In order to design future management policies, we need understand how and why this relationship between biodiversity and carbon dynamics may change across different spatial scales and forest uses. In the same way that biodiversity and carbon dynamics may be related across space, they may also be related through time, with disturbances in one variable having the potential to compromise the other. Overhunting, for instance, causes the loss of large vertebrates across forests globally, as these tend to be the most valuable for meat, trade and culture. Thus, species responsible for dispersing large seeds are removed from ecosystems, consequently reducing dispersion and regeneration of large-seeded trees, which tend to have higher carbon stocks. This alteration of regeneration dynamics causes a shift in forest composition, creating communities dominated by wind-dispersed species which typically have a lower wood density, and thus low carbon storage capacity. This project will generate a greater understanding of the multidirectional relationship between taxa biodiversity and carbon stocks and sequestration capacity (Figure 1). In addition, it has been suggested that vertebrate and tree diversity are insufficient surrogates for total habitat biodiversity, therefore I will investigate various taxa, providing a more comprehensive understanding of forest biodiversity and carbon interactions. The understanding of co-benefits between conservation of carbon dynamics and biodiversity from this project will help to inform conservation strategies in line with the UK Net Zero program.