Learning to care: the moral development of paid care work in Singapore Field: Anthropology

尽管它在生活中处于中心地位，但我们对如何成为照顾者以及如何使照顾者成为可能知之甚少。关于关怀人类学和关怀伦理学的现有文献倾向于分别考察关怀的伦理-道德、政治-经济和体现维度。此外，现有的方法往往将护理视为一种人们内在能够锻炼的情感认知能力，而忽略了学习护理的方式。这些理论上的缺陷使我们无法理解如何实现整体护理和培育关怀社会。如果我们要解决老年人护理方面的明显不足，就需要采取一种综合的方法，强调护理的道德发展。我的目标是通过研究新加坡的护理人员如何学习照顾老年人来解决这个问题——他们如何在身体和认知方面培养照顾老人的道德技能，以及这个过程如何受到老年护理经济、物质环境、当地道德世界观和主流护理意识形态的影响。通过关注有偿护理工作而不是自愿护理，我突出了与有偿护理相关的道德模糊性。此外，通过关注新加坡的多民族背景，其中很大一部分护理工作是由来自中低收入亚洲国家的移民工人完成的，我希望追踪当关于如何护理的多种道德交叉时出现的困境。为了达到这个目的，我的目标是问：1)护理工作者在照顾老年人时面临什么样的道德斗争？2)他们如何学会以具体的方式应对护理工作的日常道德挑战？3)社会文化纠葛、物质环境和护理经济如何塑造他们的经历？我的目标是通过兼职护工和观察新加坡多个老年护理机构的护工——养老院、家庭住宅和辅助生活设施——来研究这些问题。通过学习护理的直接经验，我希望不仅能检查具体护理发展的触觉，非语言和非视觉因素，而且更重要的是，培养与护理工作者同事的团结和信任，这有助于更亲密的学习护理的民族志。我还致力于与护理工作者和当地移民工人活动组织共同设计一种护理教学法，为护理组织和政策制定者如何支持护理工作者的发展和护理实践提供具体建议。

Despite its centrality to life, little is known of how we become carers and how to enable caring people. Existing literature on the anthropology of care and ethics of care tends to examine the ethical-moral, political-economic, and embodied dimensions of care separately. Furthermore, existing approaches often treat care as an emotional-cognitive capacity that people are intrinsically able to exercise, overlooking the ways in which care is learnt. These theoretical shortcomings prevent us from understanding how to enable care holistically and foster caring societies. If we are to address the evident deficit of care for the aged, an integrative approach that foregrounds the moral development of care is needed. I aim to address this by examining how care workers in Singapore learn to care for the aged - how they develop the moral skills of caring in bodily and cognitive ways, and how this process might be shaped by aged care economies, material environments, local moral worldviews, and dominant care ideologies. By focusing on paid care work rather than voluntary care, I foreground the moral ambiguities associated with being paid to care. Moreover, by focusing on Singapore's multi-ethnic context, where a significant portion of care work is performed by migrant workers from lower-to-middleincome Asian countries, I hope to trace the dilemmas that emerge when multiple moralities regarding how to care, intersect. To achieve this, I aim to ask: 1) what are the moral struggles care workers face in caring for older people? 2) how do they learn to navigate the everyday moral challenges of care work in embodied ways? 3) how do socio-cultural entanglements, material environments and care economies shape their experiences? I aim to examine these questions by working part-time as a care worker and observing fellow care workers across multiple aged care settings in Singapore - in a nursing home, family homes, and assisted living facilities. Through the direct experience of learning to care, I hope not only to examine the haptic, non-linguistic and non-visual elements of embodied care development but more critically, to foster solidarity and trust with fellow care workers that can aid in a more intimate ethnography of learning to care. I also aim to co-design a pedagogy of care with care workers and local migrant worker activist organisations that will provide concrete recommendations for how care organisations and policymakers can support care workers in their development and practice of care.