Being forever stuck in the asylum queue or progressing with temporary protection: is South America approaching the end of asylum?

仅在南美大陆就有500多万委内瑞拉人(R4V，2022年)跨境流动，这对现有的保护途径构成了重大的法律、政治和社会挑战。应对委内瑞拉人流动的新的临时机制的出现使他们的申请从庇护重新转向其他临时移民措施(R4V，2022年)，即使其中一些人可能需要国际保护。虽然欧洲的政策制定者和学者可能对这种转变感到熟悉，但在南美，应对混合流动的临时机制是最近才出现的，正在产生与欧洲所研究的既相似又不同的独特转变。拟议的专题具有创新性，因为它分析了南美洲从一种制度到另一种制度的进展，综合了国家和政策反应以及个人争辩。最近的学者文献还没有讨论委内瑞拉混合移徙的案例研究，将其作为庇护和移徙制度之间的紧张关系以及随后从一个制度转向另一个制度的范例。有了这一差距，这项研究提案将提出以下问题：委内瑞拉在该地区跨境流动导致的南美当代法律和政策实践，是否像学术概念所理解的那样标志着庇护实践的结束？从一个系统过渡到另一个系统的影响可以分为两种方法。在自上而下的层面上，这可能与庇护作为一种由各国创建和执行的法律机构受到侵蚀以及随后被其他国内和临时措施取而代之有关。它还表明，非公民如何被视为“移民”，这是唯一适用于渴望居住在第三国的人的类别。在自下而上的方法上，这一进展可能表明庇护作为一种法律保护形式正在变得模糊，旨在为在其原籍国遭受迫害和其他类型暴力的个人带来长期居留计划。研究这一新的范式变化将有助于两个层面。一方面，它使人们了解到，其他大陆正在取代庇护政策，转向实用和临时的机制，模糊了庇护作为法律保护类别的地位。另一方面，它将有助于分析对非公民的影响，他们在临时机制中找到了一个很小但重要的空间，可以抵制法律上的模棱两可，并利用各国提供的移徙可能性建设一个未来。

The cross-border movement of over 5 million Venezuelans (R4V, 2022) only in the South American continent has surfaced significant legal, political, and social challenges to extant paths for protection. The emergence of new temporary mechanisms to address Venezuelan mobility has reconducted their claims from asylum to other temporary migratory measures (R4V, 2022) even when some of them may have international protection needs. While such shifts may appear familiar to policymakers and scholars in Europe, in South America, temporary mechanisms to address mixed movements are recent and are producing unique transformations that are both similar and different to what has been studied in the European context. The proposed topic is innovative since it analyses the progression from one system to another in South America integrating both the States and policy responses and the individual contestation. Recent scholar literary has not addressed yet the Venezuelan case study of mixed migration as a paradigm of this tension between the asylum and the migratory system and the subsequent shift from one to another. With this gap, this research proposal will formulate the following question: Does the contemporary legal and policy praxis in South America, resulting from Venezuelan cross-border mobility in the region, signal an end of asylum practice as the scholarly conception understands it? The implications of the transition from one system to another might be divided into two approaches. At the top-down level, it could be associated with the erosion of asylum as a legal institution created and enforced by States and its subsequent replacement with other domestic and temporary measures. It also demonstrates how the non-citizen is perceived as a "migrant" as the only category applicable to those who aspire to reside in a third country. On a bottom-up approach, the progression might indicate asylum is blurring as a legal protection form orientated to bring long-term residence schemes to individuals who experience persecution and other kinds of violence in their country of origin. Studying this new change of paradigm will contribute to two tiers. On the one hand, it enables understanding that other continents are replacing asylum policies towards pragmatic and temporary mechanisms, blurring asylum as a legal protection category. On the other hand, it will help to analyse the impact on the non-citizen, who find in the temporary mechanisms a small but significant space to resist the legal ambiguity and build a future with the migratory possibilities offered by States.