A geometric framework approach to understand multi-metal toxicity on individual organisms to evaluate relative risks and benefits of pollution and mit

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Environmental pollution with metals is not exclusive to heavy metals but includes metals essential forlife. Organisms have adapted to harvest these often-scarce metals and use them in essential cellularmachinery such as superoxide dismutase (e.g. copper) and components of photosynthesis (e.g. iron,manganese and copper). Currently, we have a reasonable understanding of the individual toxicitylevels of metals to overall health and organismal fitness. We are lacking a perspective on the levels oftoxicity and/or benefit to organisms with different essential metal metallobiology and how thesemetals may influence cellular handling to cause interactions leading to unexpected effects inmixtures. Importantly there are examples in the literature that suggest strong interdependency ofessential metals and with other elements, both lowering and heightening toxicity thresholds.