Postcolonial Approaches to the Hoplite Debate: Warfare, Politics, and Identity in Ionia and Lycia

学术界长期以来一直在争论希腊重步兵（重装步兵）的出现及其与公元前700年城邦（城邦）兴起的联系。这种所谓的“重装步兵辩论”在二十世纪世纪变得严重政治化，学术界将其作为一种工具来呈现根深蒂固的政治立场（马克思主义，新自由主义，新保守主义）。针对这些对立和极端的立场，其他人采取了更中间的立场，但最近的辩论陷入僵局。围绕希腊重装步兵战争的讨论已经被推到一个过于简单化的二元对立的元叙事中，这些元叙事被政治化，往往在更仔细的审查下崩溃。此外，重装步兵的战争通常被认为是一个明显的大陆“希腊”的发明，因此很少被视为在其更广泛的地中海背景。我的研究采用了后殖民的方法来古代战争，认为重装步兵是在地中海的地理，社会和政治背景下出现的现象。基于Greaves（2010）和Mac Sweeney（2013）的后殖民方法论，我将两个案例研究地区（Ionia和Lycia）重装步兵的出现和特征与希腊大陆无休止地讨论的军事历史进行了对比，并考察了重装步兵出现的特定区域文化背景。后殖民主义通过考察底层（非主导）群体的经验来批判性地反思主流精英文化。虽然在希腊历史经典（荷马，希罗多德，修昔底德）中有特色，并通过提洛同盟与希腊进行军事接触，但爱奥尼亚和吕西亚对于主导学术话语的波斯和伯罗奔尼撒战争的既定叙述来说是边缘性的。例如，与希腊大陆相反，爱奥尼亚的铭文使用了hopletes（原文如此）一词。我的研究追溯了几个社会政治实践（争夺战争死者，重装步兵agôn和围攻战），这些实践对希腊战争的概念至关重要，以探索爱奥尼亚和吕西亚地区身份对战争实践的影响。在Telmessos和Xanthos的Lycian葬礼肖像中出现的决斗是出乎意料的，表明可能是安纳托利亚起源。同样，古代文献中希腊agôn和东方“全面战争”的对比文学主题的现实也是值得怀疑的，并且可能掩盖了更深层次的文化立场，即那些隐藏在防御工事和东方主义关于东方野蛮的叙述背后的人的感知弱点。我严格关注当代民族历史（当地制作）文学，考古学，特别是当地绘画和雕塑传统的被忽视的图像证据。通过将新的历史声音引入西方中产阶级经验主导的叙事中，我将呈现对重装步兵起源的后殖民阅读，并为这场古老的辩论带来新的平衡。

Scholarship has long debated the emergence of the Greek heavy infantryman (hoplite) and his connection with the rise of the city-state (polis) from c.700 B.C. This so-called 'Hoplite Debate' became heavily politicised during the Twentieth Century, with scholarship using it as a vehicle to present entrenched political positions (Marxism, neoliberalism, neoconservatism). In response to these oppositional and extreme positions, others have adopted more centrist standpoints, but recent debate is at a stalemate. Discussion around Greek hoplite warfare has been pushed into a too simplistic binary of opposing metanarratives that are politicised and often collapse under closer scrutiny. Moreover, hoplite warfare is often deemed a distinctly mainland 'Greek' invention and so has rarely been viewed within its broader Mediterranean context. My research adopts a postcolonial approach to ancient warfare that views hoplites as phenomena that emerged within geographic, social, and political contexts across the Mediterranean. Building on the postcolonial methodologies of Greaves (2010) and Mac Sweeney (2013), I contrast the emergence and character of hoplites in two case study regions (Ionia and Lycia) with the endlessly discussed military history of mainland Greece and examine the specific regional cultural contexts within which hoplites appeared. Postcolonialism examines the experience of subaltern (non-dominant) groups to reflect critically on mainstream elite culture. Although featured in Greek historical canon (Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides) and engaging with Greece militarily via the Delian League, Ionia and Lycia are marginal to the established narratives of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars that dominate the academic discourse. For example, in contrast to mainland Greece inscriptions in Ionia apply the term hopletes (sic.) to tribes, not a social class and, although Lycia was culturally distinct from Greece and had its own language(s), its experience of subjugation to Persia parallels the Greek experience.My research traces several socio-political practices (fighting over the war dead, hoplite agôn, and siege warfare) that are central to the conception of Greek warfare to explore the effect Ionian and Lycian regional identities had on warfare practices. The appearance of duelling over fallen warriors in Lycian funeral iconography at Telmessos and Xanthos is unexpected, indicating a potential Anatolian origin. Likewise, the reality of the contrasting literary motifs of Greek agôn and Eastern 'total war' in ancient sources is questionable, and likely belie deeper cultural positions about the perceived weakness of those who hide behind fortifications and Orientalist narratives about the brutality of the East. I focus strictly on contemporary ethnohistorical (locally produced) literature, archaeology, and especially the overlooked iconographic evidence of local painting and sculpting traditions. By introducing new historical voices into a narrative that has been dominated by the experience of the Western middle-class, I will present a postcolonial reading of hoplite origins and bring a new balance to this hoary debate.