Environmental distribution, aquacultural consequences and development of nature-based water treatment technologies for mass pharmaceutical interventio

废水处理厂（WWTP）对药物的去除率很低，导致饮用水的潜在污染。暴露的长期影响和随之而来的非预期影响尚不清楚，并有产生抗菌素耐药性的风险。为了解决这个问题，需要改进目前用于去除水中污染物的技术，同时改变政策和法规，以防止不必要的污染水平。因此，至关重要的是，在考虑药物治疗对环境的影响以及最终进入主要食物来源（水产养殖系统）和水（饮用水）的背景下，以防止对生命造成另一种威胁。与化学，生物科学和工程学院在卡迪夫大学和生命科学系在阿伯里斯特威斯大学，学生将确定环境的命运，影响和兽药的不同去除方法的有效性。具体目标：1.将使用掺有已知药物的溶液创建目标药物库，以促进野生样品中的药物鉴定。该库将作为所有其他分析的平台。将对污水处理厂和河流系统的水样进行化学分析，以确定环境中的药物水平。目标药物的急性毒性水平将使用生物测定法确定，并在可能的情况下与数学模型（ECOSAR和QSAR）进行比较，以评估此类模型的准确性。3.使用已建立的孔雀鱼-三代虫宿主-病原体系统进行的生物测定将评估关键兽药对宿主死亡率、生长、疾病易感性和福利的生态毒性。可以分析组织样本的脂质含量，以确定暴露如何影响水产养殖目的的鱼类质量，以及代谢组学分析，以了解鱼类如何代谢化合物。4.目前的水处理方法将与选定的药物进行对比测试，以确定效率，并开发改进消除的技术。然后，末端技术可以与政策和监管变化相结合，作为减少水中兽药含量的多方面方法。审查有关兽药开发的政策和法规以及减少其环境足迹的潜在途径。这些目标的结果将共同改善：1）通过强调兽医药物治疗对水产养殖业的威胁，改善未来的疾病管理和治疗; 2）通过提高水中药物的检测和去除率，改善水处理技术; 3）药物开发和监管，审查潜在的绿色药物替代品，以防止污染发生。

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have poor removal rates for pharmaceuticals resulting in potential contamination of drinking water. The long-term effects of exposure and consequential unintended effects are unknown and risk antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this issue, improvements are needed to current techniques used to remove contaminants from water in together with changes in policy and regulation to prevent unnecessary levels of pollution. Therefore, it is vital that drug treatments are considered in the context of their impact on the environment and ultimately their entry into a major source of food (aquaculture systems) and water (drinking water) to prevent creating another threat to life. Working with the Schools of Chemistry, Biosciences and Engineering at Cardiff University and the Department of Life Sciences at Aberystwyth University, the student will determine the environmental fate, impact and efficacy of different removal methods of veterinary drugs. Specific aims:1. A library of target drugs will be created using solutions spiked with known drugs to facilitate drug identification in wild samples. This library will serve as a platform for all other analyses. Water samples from WWTP and river systems will be chemically analysed to determine levels of pharmaceuticals in the environment.2. Levels of acute toxicity of target pharmaceuticals will be determined using biological assays and where possible compared to mathematical models (ECOSAR & QSAR) to evaluate the accuracy of such models. 3. Bioassays, using the established Guppy-Gyrodactylus host-pathogen system, will assess the ecotoxicity of key veterinary pharmaceuticals on host mortality, growth, disease susceptibility and welfare. Tissue samples can be analysed for lipid contents to define how exposure will affect the quality of fish for aquaculture purposes as well as metabolomics analysis to understand how fish metabolise the compounds. 4. Current methodologies for water treatment will be tested against selected pharmaceuticals to determine efficiency rates and develop technologies to improve elimination. End of pipe technologies can then be coupled with policy and regulatory changes as a multi-faceted method of reducing levels of veterinary pharmaceuticals found within water.5. Review the policy and regulations around veterinary pharmaceutical development and potential pathways to reduce their environmental footprint. Together the results of these aims will improve 1) the future disease management and treatment by highlighting the threat to the aquaculture industry from veterinary pharmacological treatments; 2) water treatment technology by increasing the detection and removal rates of pharmaceuticals from water; 3) drug development and regulation with a review into potential green pharmacy alternatives to prevent pollution before it happens.