Interactions Between p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase and Protein Kinase A

p90核糖体S6激酶（RSK）是丝裂原活化蛋白的直接下游效应物 激酶，并在调节细胞增殖和存活中起主要作用。在四种亚型中，RSK 4 是最不相似的，并且在功能上也与其他同种型不同。RSK 1的上调和 RSK 2还使细胞易于转化和肿瘤形成。此外，在心脏中，RSK 1参与 调节病理生理过程如肥大。这个应用程序是基于我们最近的 发现失活的RSK 1与cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶的调节亚基（RI）相互作用 (PKA)而磷酸化的活性RSK 1与PKA的催化亚基（PKAc）相互作用。的 失活的RSK 1与R1的结合降低了PKAc和R1之间的相互作用。而反观 磷酸化RSK 1与PKAc的结合增加了PKAc和R1之间的相互作用，并降低了PKAc与R1之间的相互作用。 cAMP激活PKA全酶的能力。此外，我们已经表明，非活性的 RSK 1和具有PKA亚基的活性RSK 1允许RSK 1存在于具有PKA锚定的复合物中 蛋白（AKAP）和PKA与AKAP相互作用的破坏显著改变了 细胞中的活性RSK 1。因此，当PKA与AKAP的相互作用完整时，活性RSK 1被定位 主要存在于细胞核中。另一方面，当PKA/AKAP相互作用被消除时， 细胞核中活性RSK 1的量减少，细胞质中活性RSK 1的量增加， 导致胞质RSK 1底物结节性硬化症复合物2（TSC 2）磷酸化的增加 和坏。RSK 1增加BAD的磷酸化与保护作用的增加有关， 细胞凋亡鉴于这些发现，我们的中心假设是RSK 1与PKA的相互作用 AKAP在调节PKA活性以及调节细胞凋亡方面具有重要的功能意义。 RSK 1的亚细胞定位及其生物学作用。为了解决这一假设，并确定 调节RSK 1和PKA亚基之间相互作用的机制，我们将继续以下研究 具体目标。目的1：鉴定RSK 1与PKA亚基相互作用的区域。 目的2：阐明RSK 1对PKA的调控机制，并探讨RSK 1对PKA的调控作用。 RSK 1/PKA亚基相互作用的研究。目的3：确定RSK 1/PKA亚基相互作用在细胞凋亡中的作用。 RSK 1的细胞分布、RSK 1的活化及其生物学功能的调节。这些目标将 确定PKA活性调节的新机制，并阐明 RSK 1与PKA亚基或AKAP之间的相互作用调节RSK 1的生物学作用。这些 然后，新的见解可能会允许开发特定的干预措施，调节某些功能， 这两种激酶。

The p90 Ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) are immediately downstream effectors of mitogen activated protein kinases and play a major role in regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Among the four isoforms, RSK4 is the most dissimilar and also functionally different from the other isoforms. The upregulation of RSK1 and RSK2 also predisposes cells to transformation and tumor formation. Moreover, in the heart, RSK1 is involved regulating pathophysiological processes such as hypertrophy. This application is based on our recent findings that inactive RSK1 interacts with the regulatory subunit (Rl)of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) while the phosphorylated, active RSK1 interacts with the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAc). The association of inactive RSK1 with Rl decreases interactions between PKAc and Rl. In contrast, the association of phospho- RSK1 with PKAc increases interactions between PKAc and Rl and decreases the ability of cAMP to active the PKA holoenzyme. Additionally, we have shown that the interactions of inactive RSK1 and active RSK1 with subunits of PKA permits the RSK1 to exist in a complex with PKA anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and the disruption of PKA interactions with AKAPs dramatically alters the distribution of active RSK1 in cells. Thus, when interactions of PKA with AKAPs are intact, the active RSK1 is localized primarily in the nucleus of cells. On the other hand, when the PKA/AKAP interactions are abolished, the amount of active RSK1 in the nucleus is decreased and its amount in the cytoplasm is increased with a resultant increase in phosphorylation of the cytosolic RSK1 substrates tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) and BAD. Increased phosphorylation of BAD by RSK1 is associated with an increase in protection from cellular apoptosis. Given these findings, our central hypothesis is that the interactions of RSK1 with PKA and AKAPs are of functional significance in regulating the activity of PKA as well as modulating the subcellular localization of RSK1 and its biological actions. To address this hypothesis and to identify the mechanisms that regulate interactions between RSK1 and PKA subunits, we will pursue the following specific aims. Aim 1: To identify the regions on RSK1 and the subunits of PKA that interact with each other. Aim 2: To elucidate the mechanisms involved in regulation of PKA by RSK1 and to determine the regulation of RSK1/PKA subunit interactions. Aim 3: To determine the role of RSK1/PKA subunit interactions in the cellular distribution of RSK1, the activation of RSK1, and regulation of its biological functions. These aims will identify novel mechanisms by which PKA activity is regulated and also elucidate of the role of the interactions between RSK1 with PKA subunits or AKAPs in regulating the biological actions of RSK1. These novel insights may then permit the development of specific interventions that regulate certain functions of both these kinases.