Effects of the Integrated Stress Response in HIV Associated Dementia

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管引入了高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART），人类免疫缺陷病毒相关性痴呆（HAD）的患病率仍在稳步增加。 HAD 中的神经元损伤和损失是由 HIV 感染、激活的巨噬细胞/小胶质细胞通过可溶性神经毒性介质（包括活性氧 (ROS)、兴奋性毒素和其他代谢物以及病毒蛋白）引发的。已知这些诱导氧化应激的介质会直接损伤神经元并改变星形胶质细胞的稳态功能，例如谷氨酸稳态，从而导致兴奋性毒性神经元损伤。重要的是，多项体外和体内研究表明，氧化应激和兴奋性毒性可能是 HAD 发病机制的关键机制。神经元和星形胶质细胞如何应对中枢神经系统 (CNS) HIV 感染中的氧化应激，在很大程度上尚不明确且尚未得到充分探索。对氧化应激的主要下游反应是最近描述的综合应激反应（ISR）的诱导，这可能是氧化应激和兴奋性毒性之间的关键联系。 ISR 的激活导致翻译减弱、ER 伴侣基因启动子反式激活、蛋白质降解途径激活和内源抗氧化反应激活。这些反应的诱导受到三种不同信号通路中的一种或多种的调节：胰腺内质网激酶 (PERK)、IRE1 α 和 ATF6。在 HIV 诱导的中枢神经系统损伤期间，神经元或星形胶质细胞中是否诱导了这些途径中的一种或全部尚不清楚；然而，我们已经证明，来自 HIV 感染的单核细胞衍生巨噬细胞 (HIV-M/M) 的上清液在体外诱导原代星形胶质细胞中 ISR 的多种成分，包括 PERK。此外，我们发现HAART中使用的几种抗逆转录病毒药物也会诱导原代星形胶质细胞的ISR。因此，我们假设 HIV M/M 和/或 HAART 暴露对星形胶质细胞中 ISR 的激活是 HAD 中神经元损伤/存活的主要决定因素。我们的目标是确定 HIV M/M 和 HAART 疗法在星形胶质细胞中 ISR 激活在介导 HAD 体外和体内神经元损伤中的作用。为此，我们将：1) 确定 HIV-M/M 上清液触发的 ISR 激活影响星形胶质细胞神经保护功能和存活的机制，2) 定义 HAART 药物在星形胶质细胞 ISR 激活中的作用，以及 3) 定义并验证 HAD 中 ISR 途径慢性激活的作用。通过研究ISR的作用，我们期望揭示HIVE中神经元功能障碍和损失的新机制，并阐明当前HAART疗法对星形胶质细胞介导的神经元存活的影响。由于炎症浸润和氧化应激，患有艾滋病毒相关痴呆症的患者大脑中的细胞应激增加。已知这些应激源会激活非神经细胞中称为综合应激反应的保护途径。该提案旨在评估暴露于 HIV 感染的巨噬细胞产物和高活性抗逆转录病毒治疗剂的星形胶质细胞中综合应激反应的激活状态，并确定这种激活对神经元存活的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus associated dementia (HAD) has been steadily increasing. Neuronal injury and loss in HAD is initiated by HIV-infected, activated macrophage/microglia via soluble neurotoxic mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), excitotoxins, and other metabolites as well as viral proteins. These mediators, which induce oxidative stress, are known to injure neurons directly and alter astrocytic homeostatic functions such as glutamate homeostasis which can lead to excitotoxic neuronal injury. Importantly, several studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are likely critical mechanisms of pathogenesis in HAD. How neurons and astrocytes respond to oxidative stress in HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is largely undefined and underexplored. A major downstream response to oxidative stress is induction of the recently described integrated stress response (ISR) which may be the critical link between oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Activation of the ISR results in translational attenuation, transactivation of ER chaperone gene promoters, activation of protein degradation pathways and activation of the endogenous antioxidant response. Induction of these responses is regulated by one or more of three distinct signaling pathways: pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), IRE1 alpha, and ATF6. Whether one or all of these pathways are induced in neuronal or astrocytic cells during HIV induced CNS injury is not known; however, we have demonstrated that supernatants from HIV infected monocyte derived macrophages (HIV-M/M) induce several components of the ISR including PERK in primary astrocytes in vitro. In addition, we have found that several antiretroviral drugs used in HAART also induce ISR in primary astrocytes. Thus, we hypothesize that that activation of the ISR in astrocytes by HIV M/M and/or HAART exposure is a major determinant of neuronal injury/survival in HAD. Our goal is to determine the role of ISR activation in astrocytes by HIV M/M and HAART therapeutics in mediating neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo in HAD. To do this we will: 1) Determine the mechanism by which ISR activation triggered by HIV-M/M supernatants impacts astrocyte neuroprotective functions and survival, 2) Define the role of HAART drugs in ISR activation in astrocytes, and 3) Define and validate the contribution of chronic activation of the ISR pathways in HAD. By investigating the role of ISR, we expect to uncover a novel mechanism for neuronal dysfunction and loss in HIVE and elucidate the impact of current HAART therapeutics on astrocytic mediated neuronal survival. Patients with HIV associated dementia have increased cellular stress in their brain due to inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress. These stressors are known activate a protective pathway called the integrated stress response in non-neural cells. This proposal aims to assess the state of activation of the integrated stress response in astrocytes exposed to HIV-infected macrophage products and highly active antiretroviral therapeutic agents and determine the impact of such activation on neuronal survival.