Sibling Contagion for Smoking: Social & Genetic Influences in Early Adulthood

说明(由申请人提供)：6.项目摘要/摘要使用香烟是导致疾病的最大公共健康风险因素之一，是一种潜在的可改变的药物滥用形式。然而，尽管为减少青少年吸烟作出了大量努力，但在青春期开始吸烟，并在成年后更经常地吸烟，仍然达到令人无法接受的水平。遗传和环境因素都已被证明对在青春期开始吸烟和在成年早期发展为更高水平的吸烟强度的可能性产生重大影响。这项建议侧重于一个综合模型，该模型将吸烟的兄弟姐妹传染置于吸烟的社会和遗传风险的界面上。暴露于兄弟姐妹吸烟是吸烟开始的一个强有力的危险因素，通常超过父母吸烟的影响，并且独立于同伴吸烟，先前的工作表明，这种兄弟姐妹传染反映了由兄弟姐妹联系水平驱动的共同环境影响。在这项提案中，我们试图扩展这项工作，在参与国家青少年健康纵向研究(Add Health)的遗传信息样本中，对吸烟在青春期和成年初期的兄弟姐妹传染进行新的纵向分析。我们建议提供关于成年早期基因和环境对兄弟姐妹联系的相对贡献的新数据，并测试在这一发育阶段存在独特的共同环境影响的程度以及青春期影响的连续性。我们提供了一系列的模型来检验在成年早期吸烟对兄弟姐妹传染的证据，重点是检测成年早期独特的近端环境影响以及青春期影响的连续性。基因-环境相互作用(或可归因于兄弟姐妹联系的遗传力的缓和)的新证据被假设。发扬基因-环境相互作用的主题，将候选基因标记纳入成年早期吸烟遗传风险的代理。这项工作将更好地理解兄弟姐妹感染对成年早期吸烟行为的社交效应的发育连续性和间断性，以及与遗传风险的桥梁联系，遗传风险可能是影响吸烟的一个来源。这些目标的执行将为从青春期到成年早期的家庭干预和预防努力提供新的目标，这是吸烟严重危害健康的典型阶段。特别是，随着我们更多地了解兄弟姐妹如何鼓励彼此冒险从事危及健康的行为，并提供与遗传倾向相互作用的社会强化，我们可以开始设计干预和预防策略，利用兄弟姐妹之间的影响来促进抵制和戒烟。7.项目叙事相关性：兄弟姐妹代表了一生中最具影响力的人际关系之一，兄弟姐妹吸烟是吸烟开始和发展为常规吸烟的有力预测因素。这项建议试图了解环境和遗传途径，兄弟姐妹通过这些途径影响彼此在青春期和成年早期吸烟的进程，因为兄弟姐妹有共同的环境经历和共同的基因。我们研究目标的成功完成将为以家庭为基础的干预和预防计划提供新的目标，这些计划可能利用兄弟姐妹之间的强烈情感联系来促进对吸烟的抵抗，并为已经开始吸烟的人成功戒烟。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): 6. Project Summary / Abstract Cigarette use is one of the most potent public health risk factors for disease and represents a potentially modifiable form of drug abuse. However, despite substantial efforts to reduce the use of cigarettes in youth, initiation of smoking in adolescence and progression to more regular use in the transition to adulthood continues at unacceptable levels. Both genetic and environmental factors have been shown to exert substantial effects on the likelihood to initiate smoking in adolescence and progress to higher levels of smoking intensity in early adulthood. This proposal focuses on an integrated model that positions sibling contagion for smoking at the interface of social and genetic risk for smoking. Exposure to sibling smoking represents a robust risk factor for smoking initiation that typically exceeds the effects of parent smoking and contributes independent of peer smoking, and prior work suggests that such sibling contagion reflects shared environmental effects driven by level of sibling connectedness. In this proposal, we seek to expand this work to conduct novel longitudinal analyses of sibling contagion for smoking spanning adolescence and emerging adulthood in a genetically-informative sample participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We propose to provide new data on the relative contributions of genes and environment on sibling connectedness in early adulthood and to test the extent to which there are unique shared environmental effects during this developmental period along with continuity of effects from adolescence. A series of models are provided to examine the evidence for sibling contagion via level of connectedness on smoking in early adulthood, with emphasis on detection of unique proximal environmental effects in early adulthood as well as continuity of effects from adolescence. New evidence for gene-environment interaction (or moderation of heritability attributable to sibling connectedness) is hypothesized. The theme of gene- environment interaction is carried forward to incorporate candidate gene markers as proxies for genetic risk for smoking in early adulthood. This work will provide a much better understanding of the developmental continuities and discontinuities in the socializing effect of sibling contagion on smoking behavior in early adulthood and bridge links with genetic risk, a likely source of influence on smoking. The execution of the aims will yield novel targets for family-based intervention and prevention efforts during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood, the typical period of progression to levels of smoking that severely compromise health. In particular, as we learn more about the ways in which siblings can encourage each other's forays into risky and health compromising behaviors and provide social reinforcement that interacts with genetic propensity, we can start to devise intervention and prevention strategies that capitalize on the influence siblings have with each other to promote resistance to and desistance from smoking. 7. Project Narrative Relevance: Siblings represent one of the most influential interpersonal relationship through the lifespan and sibling smoking is a strong predictor of both smoking initiation and progression to regular smoking. This proposal attempts to understand both environmental and genetic pathways by which siblings influence each other's progression of smoking during adolescence and early adulthood, given that siblings share common environmental experiences as well as common genes. Successful completion of our study aims will yield novel targets for family-based intervention and prevention programs that may harness the strong emotional connection between siblings to promote resistance to smoke and successful quit attempts for those who have already started smoking.