Palestine up in Arms: Contentious Politics and the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939

从津巴布韦到阿尔及利亚，20世纪见证了第三世界各国革命运动的涌现，面对摇摇欲坠的欧洲帝国，他们试图维护自己的国家地位。然而，是什么将民族主义运动的成功与失败区分开来呢？在对革命等争议事件的研究中，索赔人之间的局部动态有多重要？通过对1936-1939年英国托管巴勒斯坦阿拉伯起义的案例研究，我试图研究革命运动在各自的反殖民民族主义事业中产生重大政治进步的失败。在对有争议的政治研究的基础上，我试图分析在失败的“革命形势”（如1936-1939年阿拉伯起义）中起作用的过程和情境机制，这些研究强调了争论事件（如革命）的动态和关系性质。我试图考虑不同的索赔者之间的关系——精英、农村农民、城市工人，以及英国人和犹太复国主义者——是对话和不断发展的。通过这样做，我试图研究在有争议的事件中，镇压和和解如何影响动员和索赔人之间的关系，最终断言，压倒性的镇压本身无法解释革命民族主义运动的失败。相反，为了压制这些运动，它必须在关系层面上采取行动，干扰现有的或正在发展的诉求者之间的裂痕，例如，通过煽动精英内部冲突或将精英变成其他社会群体的反对目标。巴以冲突在地区和全球舞台上都是一个始终存在的政治问题。2021年5月发生在以色列和被占领土的抗议和暴力活动，被称为“团结起义”（Unity Intifada），可以说改变了巴以冲突中心的政治现状。结合最近以色列历史上最右翼政府的选举，包括激进的伊斯兰运动成员，第三次起义的舞台似乎已经准备好了。我的计划是对巴勒斯坦民族主义集体行动的第一次重大事件进行有价值的定量历史分析。在这样做的过程中，这个项目为历史政治经济学这个新生但正在成长的领域做出了贡献，这个领域试图以历史的方式探索理论猜想。通过分析这一具有历史意义和象征意义的巴勒斯坦集体行动案例，我的建议扩大了我们对不同程度的镇压对动员和有争议行为者之间关系的影响的理解。

Summary (no more than 500 words) From Zimbabwe to Algeria, the 20th century witnessed an outpouring of revolutionary movements across the Third World attempting to assert their national claims to statehood in the face of crumbling European empires. Yet, what separates nationalist movements that succeed from those that fail? How important are localised dynamics between claimants in the study of contentious episodes like revolutions? Using the case study of the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt in the British Mandate of Palestine, I attempt to examine the failure of revolutionary movements in yielding significant political advances for their respective anticolonial nationalist causes. Building upon studies of contentious politics that highlight the dynamic and relational nature of episodes of contention, such as revolution, I seek to analyse the processual and situational mechanisms at play in failed "revolutionary situations", such as the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt. I attempt to consider the relationship between the various claimants - elites, rural peasantry, urban workers, as well as the British and Zionists - as dialogic and ever-evolving. By doing so, I seek to examine how repression and conciliation pattern mobilisation and relationships between claimants during contentious episodes, ultimately asserting that overwhelming repression on its own is unable to account for the failure of revolutionary nationalist movements. Instead, for repression to neuter such movements, it must act at the relational level and disturb existing or developing cracks between claimants, for example by stoking intra-elite conflict or turning elites into oppositional targets for other social groups. The Palestine-Israel conflict remains an ever-present political fixture on both the regional and global stages. The protests and violence of May 2021 across Israel and the Occupied Territories, termed the Unity Intifada, have arguably shifted the political status quo within the nexus of the Palestine-Israel conflict. When combined with the recent election of the most right-wing government in Israeli history, comprising members of the radical Kahanist movement, the stage appears set for a Third Intifada. My intended project provides a valuable quantitative historical analysis of the first major incidence of nationalist Palestinian collective action. In so doing, this project contributes to the nascent, but growing, field of historical political economy, which seeks to explore theoretical conjectures in a historically situated manner. By analysing this historically and symbolically significant case of Palestinian collective action, my proposal expands our understanding of the effects of variable levels of repression upon mobilisation and relationships between contentious actors.