Development of HBMIM model for 3D automatic monitoring of heritage buildings

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Abstract The conservation and preservation of heritage buildings has not only been an issue to the UK but to other countries, where historical legacy is embedded and accumulated into buildings or sites that play an important role in keeping up with a national value. Preserving historic buildings or sites is not always as simple as reparation works being carried out for the buildings. It is vital to understanding how it was constructed and what construction methods were used prior to determining the methodological approach to the restoration of them when needed. In addition, interrogating the properties of material used to construct the buildings is also important as it should be noted that buildings are not just static but also responds to what surrounds them; air movement, physical forces, weather, temperature, expansion and contraction, variation of ground conditions and so on.None of heritage buildings are the same in terms of age, use, construction methods, material, architectural styles, significance and accessibility. Many of them lack written records which wouldhave been a good tool to maintaining them to a healthy standard. It has become essential to acquire and build up as many data as possible, which can be used to find out a best way of monitoring and preserving heritage buildings.The question is how the data can be obtained, coordinated and ultimately stored in a system which in return can be used for monitoring and preserving historic buildings.Installing physical sensors is not an ideal solution any longer as more values have been put on the significance of appearances of heritage buildings. Hence, various imaging techniques that can realize three-dimensional shapes remotely or without physical presence of sensors will need to be in place. 3D laser scanning and imaging capture process are a well-developed technology to be used in this study, realising the detailed 3D shape of the Heritage Building as well as the detailed shape of the Heritage Buildings. These three-dimensional digital imaging techniques can be used for non-contact monitoring as well as restoration in the event of damage to heritage buildingsContext & Research MethodsA building itself needs to be realised not in a 2D but a 3D form to be able to monitor any deformation, movement or damages caused by various reasons. Identifying the causes would be the first step to take. A laser scanning system is necessary to realise the three-dimensional shape of the heritage building with high accuracy. It is noted that the research group in University of Liverpool has the FARO S+150 scanner, which can provide the most important data for building the HBMIM model in this study. It also make it possible to measure the dynamic behaviour of a heritage building along with the use ofa camera capable of supplementing the technology. A three-dimensional point cloud obtained by laser scanning, three-dimensional thermography obtained by an infrared thermal camera, and a three-dimensional digital image obtained by a drone will be the raw data used in this project. The data will form a basis to develop a platform that can monitor and detect deformation taking place in various areas in heritage buildings.A building is vulnerable to forces affecting its standing and resistance to them often brings back damages to itself. There was a research carried out by a group of researchers including the nominated supervisor, Dr. Seo about "Deformation measurement of a soil mixing retaining wall using terrestrial laser scanning". It aimed at monitoring lateral movement of the ground against retaining walls. Lateral deformations were monitored regularly by laser scanning and the spatial data of a large area were acquired at fine resolutions. This paper attempted to apply the laser scanningtechnology to measure the lateral deformations of a soil mixing retaining wall at an excavation site in construct